Incazelo ye-Turbidity

I-Turbidity umphumela wokubona obangelwa ukusebenzisana kokukhanya nezinhlayiya ezimisiwe esixazululweni, ngokuvamile amanzi. Izinhlayiya ezimisiwe, njengenhlabathi, ubumba, ulwelwe, izinto eziphilayo, nezinye izinto eziphilayo ezincane, zisakaza ukukhanya okudlula kusampula yamanzi. Ukuhlakazwa kokukhanya ngezinhlayiya ezimisiwe kulesi sixazululo esinamanzi kukhiqiza udaka, okubonisa izinga ukukhanya okuvinjelwa ngalo lapho kudlula ungqimba lwamanzi. I-turbidity ayiyona inkomba ekhombisa ngokuqondile ukuhlangana kwezinhlayiya ezimisiwe oketshezini. Ibonisa ngokungaqondile ukugxila kwezinhlayiya ezimisiwe ngokuchazwa komphumela wokusabalalisa ukukhanya kwezinhlayiya ezimisiwe esixazululweni. Ukushuba kokukhanya okuhlakazekile kukhulu, kuyanda ukuxubeka kwengxube ye-aqueous.
Indlela Yokunquma I-Turbidity
I-turbidity iwukubonakaliswa kwezici ze-optical zesampula yamanzi futhi ibangelwa ukuba khona kwezinto ezingancibiliki emanzini, ezibangela ukukhanya kuhlakazeke futhi kumunce kunokuba kudlule isampula yamanzi ngomugqa oqondile. Kuyinkomba ekhombisa izinto ezibonakalayo zamanzi emvelo namanzi okuphuza. Isetshenziselwa ukukhombisa izinga lokucaca noma ukuguguleka kwamanzi, futhi ingenye yezinkomba ezibalulekile zokulinganisa ubuhle bekhwalithi yamanzi.
Ukungcola kwamanzi emvelo kubangelwa izinto ezinhle ezimisiwe ezifana nodaka, ubumba, izinto eziphilayo nezingaphili, izinto eziphilayo ezinombala oncibilikayo, kanye ne-plankton nezinye izilwanyana ezincane emanzini. Lezi zinto ezimisiwe zingakhanga amabhaktheriya nama-virus, ngakho-ke i-turbidity ephansi ivumela ukubulawa kwamagciwane emanzini ukuze kubulawe amagciwane nama-virus, okudingekayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha kwamanzi. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlinzekwa kwamanzi endaweni eyodwa anezimo eziphelele zobuchwepheshe kufanele kulwele ukuhlinzeka ngamanzi ane-turbidity ephansi ngangokunokwenzeka. I-turbidity yamanzi asefektri iphansi, okuzuzisa ukunciphisa iphunga nokunambitha kwamanzi ane-chlorine; kuyasiza ukuvimbela ukukhiqizwa kwamabhaktheriya namanye ama-microorganisms. Ukugcina imfucumfucu ephansi kulo lonke uhlelo lokusatshalaliswa kwamanzi kuthanda ukuba khona kwenani elifanele lensalela ye-chlorine.
Ukuthuthumela kwamanzi kampompi kufanele kuvezwe kuyunithi ye-turbidity ehlakazekile ye-NTU, akumele idlule i-3NTU, futhi akufanele idlule i-5NTU ngaphansi kwezimo ezikhethekile. Ukuguguleka kwamanzi amaningi enqubo nakho kubalulekile. Izitshalo eziphuzwayo, izikhungo zokucubungula ukudla, nezindawo zokuhlanza amanzi ezisebenzisa amanzi angaphezulu ngokuvamile zithembele ekuhlanganiseni, ekucwiliseni, nasekuhluzeni ukuze kuqinisekiswe umkhiqizo owanelisayo.
Kunzima ukuba nokuhlobana phakathi kwe-turbidity kanye nenqwaba yento emisiwe, ngoba usayizi, umumo, kanye nenkomba yezinhlayiya ephindayo iphinde ithinte izici zokubona zokumiswa. Lapho ukala i-turbidity, zonke i-glassware ezithinta isampula kufanele zigcinwe ezimweni ezihlanzekile. Ngemuva kokuhlanza nge-hydrochloric acid noma i-surfactant, hlambulula ngamanzi ahlanzekile futhi ukhiphe. Amasampula athathwe ezitsheni zengilazi ezinezivalo. Ngemva kwesampula, ezinye izinhlayiya ezimisiwe zingancipha futhi zihlangane uma zibekwe, futhi azikwazi ukubuyiselwa ngemva kokuguga, futhi ama-microorganisms angaphinde abhubhise izakhiwo zezinto eziqinile, ngakho kufanele zilinganiswe ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka. Uma ukugcinwa kudingekile, kufanele kugweme ukuthintana nomoya, futhi kufanele kubekwe ekamelweni elibandayo elimnyama, kodwa kungabi ngaphezu kwama-24h. Uma isampula ligcinwe endaweni ebandayo, buyela ekamelweni lokushisa ngaphambi kokulinganisa.
Njengamanje, lezi zindlela ezilandelayo zisetshenziswa ukukala i-turbidity yamanzi:
(1) Uhlobo lokudlulisela (okuhlanganisa i-spectrophotometer kanye nendlela ebonakalayo): Ngokomthetho ka-Lambert-Beer, ukuguguleka kwesampula yamanzi kunqunywa ubukhulu bokukhanya okudlulisiwe, kanye ne-logarithm eyinegethivu ye-turbidity yesampula yamanzi nokukhanya. ukudlulisa kusesimweni sobudlelwano bomugqa, ukuphakama kwe-turbidity, kuyancipha ukudluliswa kokukhanya. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuphazamiseka kokuphuzi emanzini emvelo, amanzi amachibi namachibi aqukethe izinto eziphilayo ezimunca ukukhanya njengolwelwe, oluphinde luphazamise ukulinganisa. Khetha ubude begagasi obungu-680rim ukuze ugweme ukuphazamiseka okuphuzi nokuluhlaza.
(2) I-turbidimeter ehlakazekayo: Ngokwefomula ye-Rayleigh (Rayleigh) (Ir/Io=KD, h amandla okukhanya okuhlakazekile, 10 ubukhulu bemisebe yomuntu), linganisa ubukhulu bokukhanya okuhlakazekile nge-engeli ethile ukuze kuzuzwe ukunqunywa kwenhloso yamasampula amanzi emfucumfucu. Lapho ukukhanya kwesigameko kuhlakazwa yizinhlayiyana ezinosayizi wezinhlayiyana ongu-1/15 kuya ku-1/20 wobude beza begagasi lokukhanya kwesigameko, ukuqina kuhambisana nefomula ye-Rayleigh, kanye nezinhlayiya ezinosayizi wezinhlayiyana ezingaphezu kuka-1/2 wobude be-wavelength. ukukhanya kwesigameko kukhombisa ukukhanya. Lezi zimo ezimbili zingamelwa yi-Ir∝D, futhi ukukhanya okukwi-engeli engu-90 degrees ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa njengokukhanya okuyisici ukuze kukale ukushuba.
(3) Imitha ye-turbidity yokusabalalisa okuhlakazekayo: sebenzisa i-Ir/It=KD noma i-Ir/(Ir+It)=KD (I-Ir amandla okukhanya okuhlakazekile, Iwukuqina kokukhanya okudluliswayo) ukukala amandla okukhanya okudluliswayo kanye ukukhanya okubonisiwe Futhi, ukukala ukuqunjelwa kwesampula. Ngenxa yokuthi ukushuba kokukhanya okudlulisiwe nokuhlakaziwe kukalwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, kunokuzwela okuphezulu ngaphansi kokuqina kokukhanya kwesigameko esifanayo.
Phakathi kwalezi zindlela ezintathu ezingenhla, i-turbidimeter yokusabalalisa-i-scattering ingcono, inokuzwela okuphezulu, futhi i-chromaticity kusampula yamanzi ayiphazamisi ukulinganisa. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yobunzima bensimbi kanye nenani eliphezulu, kunzima ukuyikhuthaza nokuyisebenzisa ku-G. Indlela ebonakalayo ithonywa kakhulu yi-subjectivity. G Eqinisweni, ukukalwa kodaka kusetshenziswa kakhulu imitha ye-turbidity ehlakazekayo. Ukuguquguquka kwamanzi kubangelwa ikakhulukazi izinhlayiya ezifana nenhlabathi emanzini, futhi amandla okukhanya okuhlakazekile makhulu kunokukhanya okumuncekile. Ngakho-ke, imitha ye-turbidity ehlakazekayo izwela kakhulu kunemitha ye-turbidity yokudlulisela. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi i-turbidimeter yohlobo oluhlakazekayo isebenzisa ukukhanya okumhlophe njengomthombo wokukhanya, ukukalwa kwesampula kuseduze neqiniso, kodwa i-chromaticity iphazamisa ukulinganisa.
I-turbidity ikalwa ngendlela yokulinganisa ukukhanya okuhlakazekile. Ngokwezinga le-ISO 7027-1984, imitha ye-turbidity ehlangabezana nalezi zidingo ezilandelayo ingasetshenziswa:
(1) Ubude begagasi λ bokukhanya kwesigameko ngu-860nm;
(2) Umkhawulokudonsa we-spectral wesigameko △λ ungaphansi noma ulingana no-60nm;
(3) Ukukhanya kwesigameko esihambisanayo akuhlukani, futhi noma yikuphi ukugxila akudluli u-1.5°;
(4) I-engeli yokulinganisa θ phakathi kwe-eksisi yokubona yokukhanya kwesigameko kanye ne-eksisi yokubona yokukhanya okuhlakazekile ngu-90±25°
(5) I-engeli yokuvula ωθ emanzini ngu-20°～30°.
kanye nokubika okugunyaziwe kwemiphumela kumayunithi e-formazin turbidity
① Uma i-turbidity ingaphansi kweyunithi engu-1 ye-formazin scattering turbidity, inembile kuyunithi ye-0.01 ye-formazin scattering turbidity;
②Uma i-turbidity ingu-1-10 formazin scattering turbidity units, inembile kumayunithi angu-0.1 ahlakazekayo we-formazin;
③ Uma i-turbidity ingu-10-100 formazin scattering turbidity units, inembile kuyunithi engu-1 ye-formazin scattering turbidity;
④ Uma i-turbidity inkulu noma ilingana namayunithi angu-100 e-formazin scattering turbidity, izonemba kumayunithi angu-10 e-formazin scattering turbidity.
1.3.1 Amanzi angenawo udaka kufanele asetshenziselwe amazinga okuhlanjululwa noma amasampula amanzi axutshiwe. Indlela yokulungiselela amanzi angenayo imfucumfucu imi kanje: dlulisa amanzi acwengekile ngesihlungi se-membrane esinosayizi wembotshana ongu-0.2 μm (ulwelwesi lwesihlungi olusetshenziselwa ukuhlola amagciwane alukwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo), hlambulula iflaski ukuze liqoqwe ngamanzi ahlungiwe okungenani kabili, bese ulahla u-200 ml olandelayo. Inhloso yokusebenzisa amanzi acwecwe ukunciphisa ithonya lezinto eziphilayo emanzini ahlanzekile e-ion-exchange ekunqumeni, nokunciphisa ukukhula kwamagciwane emanzini ahlanzekile.
1.3.2 I-Hydrazine sulfate ne-hexamethylenetetramine zingafakwa ku-silica gel desiccator ngobusuku ngaphambi kokukala.
1.3.3 Uma izinga lokushisa lokusabela liku-12-37°C, awukho umthelela osobala ekwenziweni kwe-(formazin) imfucumfucu, futhi ayikho i-polymer eyenziwayo lapho izinga lokushisa lingaphansi kuka-5°C. Ngakho-ke, ukulungiswa kwesixazululo esijwayelekile sesitoko se-formazin turbidity kungenziwa ezingeni lokushisa elijwayelekile legumbi. Kodwa izinga lokushisa lokusabela liphansi, ukumiswa kudonswa kalula yi-glassware, futhi izinga lokushisa liphezulu kakhulu, okungabangela inani elijwayelekile le-turbidity ephezulu lehle. Ngakho-ke, izinga lokushisa lokwakheka kwe-formazin lilawulwa kangcono ku-25±3°C. Isikhathi sokusabela se-hydrazine sulfate ne-hexamethylenetetramine sacishe saqedwa emahoreni angu-16, futhi ukuthuthumela komkhiqizo kwafinyelela ubuningi ngemva kwamahora angu-24 wokusabela, futhi kwakungekho mehluko phakathi kwamahora angu-24 nama-96. i
1.3.4 Ukwakhiwa kwe-formazin, lapho i-pH yesisombululo se-aqueous ingu-5.3-5.4, izinhlayiya ziyindandatho, zinhle futhi zifana; lapho i-pH icishe ibe ngu-6.0, izinhlayiya zilungile futhi ziminyene ngesimo sezimbali zomhlanga nama-flocs; Uma i-pH ingu-6.6, kwakheka izinhlayiya ezinjengekhekheba leqhwa ezinkulu, eziphakathi nendawo nezincane.
1.3.5 Isixazululo esijwayelekile esine-turbidity yama-degree angu-400 singagcinwa inyanga eyodwa (ngisho nengxenye yonyaka esiqandisini), futhi isisombululo esivamile esine-turbidity ye-5-100 degrees ngeke sishintshe phakathi nesonto.