Ukunqunywa kwe-turbidity emanzini

Izinga lamanzi: Ukunqunywa kwe-turbidity (GB 13200-1991)” isho indinganiso yamazwe ngamazwe ISO 7027-1984 “Izinga lamanzi – Ukunqunywa kwe-turbidity”. Leli zinga licacisa izindlela ezimbili zokunquma i-turbidity emanzini. Ingxenye yokuqala i-spectrophotometry, esebenza emanzini okuphuza, amanzi emvelo kanye namanzi ane-turbidity ephezulu, ene-turbidity encane yokuthola ama-degree angu-3. Ingxenye yesibili i-visual turbidimetry, esebenza emanzini ane-turbidity ephansi njengamanzi okuphuza kanye namanzi omthombo, ane-turbidity encane yokuthola idigri engu-1. Akufanele kube khona imfucumfucu kanye nezinhlayiya okulula ukucwila emanzini. Uma izitsha ezisetshenzisiwe zingahlanzekile, noma kukhona ama-bubbles ancibilikile nezinto ezinemibala emanzini, kuzophazamisa ukuzimisela. Ezingeni lokushisa elifanele, i-hydrazine sulfate ne-hexamethylenetetramine ziyapholisa ukuze zenze i-polymer emhlophe ye-molecular high, esetshenziswa njengesixazululo esijwayelekile se-turbidity futhi uma kuqhathaniswa ne-turbidity yesampula yamanzi ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile.

Imfucumfucu ijwayele ukusebenza ekunqumeni amanzi emvelo, amanzi okuphuza kanye nekhwalithi ethile yamanzi ezimbonini. Isampula lamanzi elizohlolelwa ukungcola kufanele lihlolwe ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka, noma kufanele lifakwe efrijini ku-4°C futhi lihlolwe phakathi namahora angu-24. Ngaphambi kokuhlolwa, isampula yamanzi kufanele inyakaziswe ngamandla futhi ibuyiselwe ekamelweni lokushisa.
Ukuba khona kwezinto ezimisiwe kanye nama-colloid emanzini, njengodaka, udaka, i-organic matter, i-inorganic matter, i-plankton, njll., kungenza amanzi aguquguquke futhi alethe imfucumfucu ethile. Ekuhlaziyeni izinga lamanzi, kubalulwe ukuthi i-turbidity eyakhiwe yi-1mg SiO2 ku-1L yamanzi iyunithi ye-turbidity evamile, ebizwa ngokuthi i-1 degree. Ngokuvamile, lapho i-turbidity iphezulu, isixazululo sinothuthuva.
Ngenxa yokuthi amanzi aqukethe izinhlayiya ezimisiwe kanye ne-colloidal, amanzi angenambala nasobala ekuqaleni aba yimfucumfucu. Izinga le-turbidity libizwa ngokuthi i-turbidity. Iyunithi ye-turbidity iboniswa "ngamadigri", okulingana ne-1L yamanzi aqukethe i-1mg. I-SiO2 (noma i-kaolin engu-non-curved mg, umhlaba we-diatomaceous), izinga le-turbidity elikhiqizwayo yi-1 degree, noma u-Jackson. Iyunithi ye-turbidity yi-JTU, 1JTU=1mg/L ukumiswa kwe-kaolin. I-turbidity eboniswa amathuluzi esimanje iyunithi ye-turbidity ehlakazekile ye-NTU, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-TU. 1NTU=1JTU. Muva nje, kukholakala emhlabeni wonke ukuthi izinga le-turbidity elilungiselelwe nge-hexamethylenetetramine-hydrazine sulfate linokukhiqiza okuhle futhi likhethwa njenge-FTU evamile ehlanganisiwe yamazwe ahlukahlukene. 1FTU=1JTU. I-turbidity iwumphumela wokukhanya, okuyizinga lokuvinjwa kokukhanya lapho udlula ungqimba lwamanzi, okubonisa ikhono lengqimba yamanzi ukuze lihlakaze futhi limunce ukukhanya. Akuhlobene kuphela nokuqukethwe kwento emisiwe, kodwa futhi nokwakheka, usayizi wezinhlayiyana, ukuma kanye nokubonakala kwendawo yokungcola emanzini. Ukulawula imfucumfucu kuyingxenye ebalulekile yokwelashwa kwamanzi ezimbonini kanye nenkomba ebalulekile yekhwalithi yamanzi. Ngokusho kokusetshenziswa okuhlukene kwamanzi, kunezidingo ezihlukene ze-turbidity. I-turbidity yamanzi okuphuza akufanele idlule i-1NTU; i-turbidity yamanzi engeziwe ukuze ajikeleze ukwelashwa kwamanzi okupholisa kuyadingeka ukuthi abe ngama-2-5 degrees; i-turbidity yamanzi angenayo (amanzi aluhlaza) okwelashwa kwamanzi anesawoti kufanele ibe ngaphansi kwama-degree angu-3; imfucumfucu yamanzi adingekayo ukuze kwenziwe imicu yokwenziwa ingaphansi kwama-degree angu-0.3. Njengoba izinhlayiya ezimisiwe kanye ne-colloidal ezakha i-turbidity ngokuvamile zizinzile futhi ngokuvamile zinezindleko ezingezinhle, ngeke zizinze ngaphandle kokwelashwa ngamakhemikhali. Ekuhlanzweni kwamanzi ezimbonini, ukuhlangana, ukucaciswa nokuhlunga kusetshenziswa kakhulu ukunciphisa ukungcola kwamanzi.
Okunye okumele kwengezwe ukuthi njengoba izindinganiso zobuchwepheshe zezwe lami zihambisana namazinga omhlaba, umqondo “we-turbidity” kanye neyunithi “yeziqu” akusasetshenziswa embonini yamanzi. Kunalokho, kusetshenziswa umqondo “we-turbidity” kanye neyunithi ye-“NTU/FNU/FTU” esikhundleni salokho.

I-Turbidimetric noma indlela yokukhanya ehlakazekile
I-turbidity ingalinganiswa nge-turbidimetry noma indlela yokukhanya okuhlakazekile. Izwe lami ngokuvamile lisebenzisa i-turbidimetry ukukala ukushuba. Isampula lamanzi liqhathaniswa nesixazululo esijwayelekile se-turbidity esilungiswe nge-kaolin. Imfucumfucu ayiphezulu, futhi kubalwa ukuthi ilitha elilodwa lamanzi acwecwe liqukethe u-1 mg we-silicon dioxide njengeyunithi eyodwa ye-turbidity. Amanani okulinganisa uthuthuva atholwe izindlela zokulinganisa ezihlukile noma amazinga ahlukene awahambisani ngempela. Izinga lemfucumfucu ngokuvamile alikwazi ukukhomba ngokuqondile izinga lokungcoliswa kwamanzi, kodwa ukwanda kokungcola okubangelwa indle yabantu neyezimboni kubonisa ukuthi izinga lamanzi liye lehla.
1. Indlela ye-Colorimetric. I-Colorimetry ingenye yezindlela ezivame ukusetshenziswa zokukala i-turbidity. Isebenzisa i-colorimeter noma i-spectrophotometer ukuze inqume i-turbidity ngokuqhathanisa umehluko wokumunca phakathi kwesampula nesixazululo esijwayelekile. Le ndlela ifanele amasampula e-turbidity ephansi (imvamisa engaphansi kuka-100 NTU).
2. Indlela yokusabalalisa. Indlela yokusabalalisa iyindlela yokunquma ukuguguleka ngokulinganisa ubukhulu bokukhanya okuhlakazekile kusuka ezinhlayiyeni. Izindlela zokusabalalisa ezijwayelekile zifaka indlela yokusabalalisa eqondile kanye nendlela yokusabalalisa engaqondile. Indlela yokusabalalisa okuqondile isebenzisa ithuluzi lokuhlakaza okulula noma isisakazeli ukuze kulinganiswe amandla okukhanya okuhlakaziwe. Indlela yokusabalalisa engaqondile isebenzisa ubudlelwano phakathi kokukhanya okuhlakazekile okukhiqizwa yizinhlayiya nokumunca ukuze kutholwe inani le-turbidity ngokulinganisa ukumunca.

I-turbidity ingakalwa ngemitha ye-turbidity. Imitha ye-turbidity ikhipha ukukhanya, ikudlulise esigabeni sesampula, futhi ithola ukuthi kungakanani ukukhanya okuhlakazwe yizinhlayiyana emanzini ukusuka ku-90° ukuya ekukhanyeni kwesigameko. Le ndlela yokulinganisa ukukhanya okuhlakazekile ibizwa ngokuthi indlela yokuhlakaza. Noma iyiphi i-turbidity yangempela kufanele ilinganiswe ngale ndlela.

Ukubaluleka kokubona i-turbidity:
1. Enqubweni yokwelashwa kwamanzi, ukulinganisa i-turbidity kungasiza ekunqumeni umphumela wokuhlanza. Isibonelo, phakathi nenqubo ye-coagulation kanye ne-sedimentation, izinguquko ze-turbidity zingabonisa ukwakheka nokususwa kwama-flocs. Phakathi nenqubo yokuhlunga, i-turbidity ingahlola ukusebenza kahle kokususwa kwesici sokuhlunga.
2. Lawula inqubo yokuhlanza amanzi. Ukulinganisa ukungcola kungathola izinguquko kukhwalithi yamanzi noma nini, kusize ukulungisa amapharamitha wenqubo yokuhlanza amanzi, nokugcina ikhwalithi yamanzi ebangeni elifanele.
3. Qagela izinguquko zekhwalithi yamanzi. Ngokuqhubeka nokuthola imfucumfucu, ukuthambekela kokushintsha kwezinga lamanzi kungatholwa ngesikhathi, futhi izinyathelo zingathathwa kusenesikhathi ukuvimbela ukuwohloka kwezinga lamanzi.