Isidingo se-biochemical oxygen (BOD)ingenye yezinkomba ezibalulekile zokulinganisa ikhono lezinto eziphilayo emanzini ukuthi zonakaliswe ngamakhemikhali amancane, futhi iyinkomba eyinhloko yokuhlola umthamo wokuzihlanza kwamanzi kanye nezimo zemvelo. Ngokusheshisa kwezezimboni kanye nokwanda kwenani labantu, ukungcoliswa kwemvelo yamanzi kuye kwaba kubi kakhulu, futhi ukuthuthukiswa kokutholwa kwe-BOD kuye kwaba ngcono kancane kancane.
Umsuka wokutholwa kwe-BOD ungalandelelwa emuva ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18, lapho abantu beqala ukunaka izindaba zekhwalithi yamanzi. I-BOD isetshenziselwa ukwahlulela inani lemfucuza ephilayo emanzini, okungukuthi, ukukala ikhwalithi yayo ngokulinganisa ikhono lama-microorganisms emanzini ukuze linciphise izinto eziphilayo. Indlela yokuqala yokunquma i-BOD yayilula uma kuqhathaniswa, kusetshenziswa indlela yokufukamela i-beam, okungukuthi, amasampula amanzi nama-microorganisms afakwe esitsheni esithile ukuze kulinywe, bese umehluko ku-oxygen encibilikisiwe esixazululweni ngaphambi nangemva kokujova kukalwa, Inani le-BOD libalwe ngokusekelwe kulokhu.
Kodwa-ke, indlela yokufaka i-beam incubation idla isikhathi futhi iyinkimbinkimbi ukuyisebenzisa, ngakho-ke kunemikhawulo eminingi. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, abantu baqala ukufuna indlela yokunquma ye-BOD elula nenembile. Ngo-1939, usokhemisi waseMelika u-Edmonds wahlongoza indlela entsha yokunquma i-BOD, okuwukusebenzisa izinto ze-nitrogen ezingaphili njengezivimbela ukuvimba ukugcwaliswa komoyampilo oncibilikisiwe ukunciphisa isikhathi sokuzimisela. Le ndlela isetshenziswe kabanzi futhi isibe enye yezindlela eziyinhloko zokunqunywa kwe-BOD.
Ngokuthuthuka kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe besimanje kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezinsimbi, indlela yokunquma ye-BOD nayo iye yathuthukiswa futhi yapheleliswa. Ngawo-1950, kwavela ithuluzi elizenzakalelayo le-BOD. Ithuluzi lisebenzisa i-electrode ye-oxygen encibilikisiwe kanye nesistimu yokulawula izinga lokushisa ukuze kuzuzwe ukuzimisela okuqhubekayo okungaphazamisi kwamasampula amanzi, ukuthuthukisa ukunemba nokuzinza kokuzimisela. Ngawo-1960, ngokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bamakhompiyutha, kwavela uhlelo lwekhompiyutha olunenethiwekhi oluzenzakalelayo lokutholwa kwedatha nokuhlaziya, olwathuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle nokuthembeka kokunqunywa kwe-BOD.
Ngekhulu lama-21, ubuchwepheshe bokutholwa kwe-BOD buye benza inqubekelaphambili eyengeziwe. Izinsimbi ezintsha nezindlela zokuhlaziya zethulwe ukwenza ukunqunywa kwe-BOD kusheshe futhi kunembe kakhudlwana. Isibonelo, amathuluzi amasha afana nama-microbial analyzers nama-fluorescence spectrometer angakwazi ukubona ukuqapha ku-inthanethi nokuhlaziya umsebenzi we-microbial kanye nokuqukethwe kwezinto eziphilayo kumasampula amanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindlela zokuthola i-BOD ezisekelwe kuma-biosensors kanye nobuchwepheshe be-immunoassay nazo zisetshenziswe kabanzi. Ama-Biosensor angasebenzisa izinto zebhayoloji nama-enzyme amancane ukuze athole ngokuqondile izinto eziphilayo, futhi abe nezici zokuzwela okuphezulu nokuzinza. Ubuchwepheshe be-Immunoassay bunganquma ngokushesha nangokunembile okuqukethwe kwento ethile ephilayo kumasampula amanzi ngokumatanisa amasosha omzimba athile.
Emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule, izindlela zokuthola i-BOD ziye zadlula kunqubo yokuthuthukiswa kusukela kusiko lwe-beam kuya endleleni yokuvimbela i-nitrogen ye-inorganic, bese kuya ezintweni ezizenzakalelayo namathuluzi amasha. Ngokuthuthuka kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe kanye nokujula kocwaningo, ubuchwepheshe bokutholwa kwe-BOD busathuthukiswa futhi buyenziwa izinto ezintsha. Ngokuzayo, kungabonwa kusengaphambili ukuthi ngokuthuthukiswa kokuqwashisa ngemvelo kanye nokwanda kwezidingo zokulawula, ubuchwepheshe bokutholwa kwe-BOD buzoqhubeka buthuthuka futhi bube yindlela ephumelelayo nenembile yokuqapha izinga lamanzi.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jun-07-2024
