1. Yiziphi izici ezibonakalayo ezibalulekile izinkomba zamanzi angcolile?
⑴Izinga lokushisa: Izinga lokushisa lamanzi angcolile linomthelela omkhulu enqubweni yokuhlanza amanzi angcolile. Izinga lokushisa lithinta ngqo umsebenzi wama-microorganisms. Ngokuvamile, izinga lokushisa lamanzi ezindaweni zokuhlanza indle emadolobheni liphakathi kuka-10 no-25 degrees Celsius. Izinga lokushisa lamanzi angcolile ezimbonini lihlobene nenqubo yokukhiqiza yokukhipha amanzi angcolile.
⑵ Umbala: Umbala wamanzi angcolile uncike kokuqukethwe kwezinto ezincibilikisiwe, okuqinile okumisiwe noma izinto ezihlangene emanzini. Indle ehlanzekile yasemadolobheni ngokuvamile iba mpunga ngokumnyama. Uma isesimweni se-anaerobic, umbala uzoba mnyama futhi ube nsundu ngokumnyama. Imibala yamanzi angcolile yezimboni iyahlukahluka. Amanzi angcolile okwenza amaphepha ngokuvamile aba mnyama, amanzi angcolile okusanhlamvu e-distiller anombala onsundu ngokuphuzi, kanti amanzi angcolile e-electroplating aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
⑶ Iphunga: Iphunga lamanzi angcolile libangelwa ukungcola okusendle yasendlini noma emanzini alahlwe yizimboni. Ukwakheka okulinganiselwe kwamanzi angcolile kunganqunywa ngokuqondile ngokuhogela iphunga. Indle entsha yasemadolobheni inephunga elibi. Uma iphunga lamaqanda abolile livela, ngokuvamile libonisa ukuthi indle iye yavutshelwa nge-anaerobically ukukhiqiza igesi ye-hydrogen sulfide. Abasebenzisi kufanele balandele ngokuqinile imithetho yokulwa namagciwane lapho besebenza.
⑷ I-Turbidity: I-turbidity iyinkomba echaza inani lezinhlayiya ezimisiwe emanzini angcolile. Ngokuvamile ingatholwa imitha ye-turbidity, kodwa i-turbidity ayikwazi ukumiselela ngokuqondile ukugxiliswa kwezinto eziqinile ezimisiwe ngenxa yokuthi umbala uphazamisa ukutholwa kwe-turbidity.
⑸ I-Conductivity: I-conductivity emanzini angcolile ngokuvamile ibonisa inani lama-ion we-inorganic emanzini, ahlobene eduze nokuhlangana kwezinto ezingaphili ezincibilikisiwe emanzini angenayo. Uma i-conductivity ikhuphuka kakhulu, ngokuvamile iwuphawu lokuphuma kwamanzi angcolile embonini okungavamile.
⑹Into eqinile: Ifomu (SS, DS, njll.) kanye nokugxilwa kwento eqinile emanzini angcolile kubonisa uhlobo lwamanzi angcolile futhi kuwusizo kakhulu ekulawuleni inqubo yokwelapha.
⑺ Ukunetha: Ukungcola emanzini angcolile kungahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezine: incibilike, i-colloidal, mahhala kanye nemvula. Ezokuqala ezintathu azinamvula. Ukungcola okunethayo ngokuvamile kumelela izinto ezigcwala phakathi kwemizuzu engama-30 noma ihora elingu-1.
2. Yiziphi izinkomba zezimpawu zamakhemikhali zamanzi angcolile?
Kunezinkomba eziningi zamakhemikhali zamanzi angcolile, ezingahlukaniswa zibe izigaba ezine: ① Izinkomba zekhwalithi yamanzi ezijwayelekile, njengenani le-pH, ubulukhuni, i-alkalinity, i-chlorine esele, ama-anion ahlukahlukene nama-cations, njll.; ② Izinkomba zokuqukethwe kwezinto eziphilayo, ukufunwa komoyampilo we-biochemical BOD5, isidingo sekhemikhali komoya-mpilo CODCr, isidingo se-oxygen esiphelele i-TOD kanye nengqikithi ye-organic carbon TOC, njll.; ③ Izinkomba zokuqukethwe kwezakhi zezitshalo, njenge-ammonia nitrogen, i-nitrate nitrogen, i-nitrite nitrogen, i-phosphate, njll.; ④ Izinkomba zezinto ezinobuthi, ezifana ne-petroleum, izinsimbi ezisindayo, ama-cyanides, ama-sulfide, ama-polycyclic ama-hydrocarbons anephunga elimnandi, izinhlanganisela zezinto eziphilayo ezine-chlorine nezibulala-zinambuzane ezihlukahlukene, njll.
Ezimbonini ezihlukene zokuhlanzwa kwendle, amaphrojekthi okuhlaziya afanele izici zekhwalithi yamanzi okufanele anqunywe ngokusekelwe ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene kanye nenani lokungcola emanzini angenayo.
3. Yiziphi izinkomba zamakhemikhali ezisemqoka okufanele zihlaziywe ezikhungweni zokukhuculula indle?
Izinkomba zamakhemikhali eziyinhloko okufanele zihlaziywe ezimbonini ezijwayelekile zokuhlanza indle yilezi ezilandelayo:
⑴ Inani le-pH: Inani le-pH linganqunywa ngokulinganisa ukugxiliswa kwe-ion ye-hydrogen emanzini. Inani le-pH linomthelela omkhulu ekwelashweni kwebhayoloji kwamanzi angcolile, futhi ukusabela kwe-nitrification kuzwela kakhulu kunani le-pH. Inani le-pH lokukhucululwa kwendle emadolobheni ngokuvamile liphakathi kuka-6 no-8. Uma lidlula leli banga, ngokuvamile libonisa ukuthi amanzi amaningi angcolile ezimbonini ayakhishwa. Emanzini angcolile ezimbonini aqukethe izinto ezine-asidi noma ezine-alkali, ukwelashwa kokungathathi hlangothi kuyadingeka ngaphambi kokungena ohlelweni lokwelapha lwebhayoloji.
⑵I-Alkalinity: I-alkalinity ingabonisa amandla okugcina i-asidi emanzini angcolile ngesikhathi sokwelashwa. Uma amanzi angcolile ene-alkalinity ephakeme ngokuqhathaniswa, angaphazamisa izinguquko enanini le-pH futhi enze inani le-pH lizinze ngokuqhathaniswa. I-alkalinity imele okuqukethwe kwezinto ezisesampulini zamanzi ezihlangana nama-hydrogen ions kuma-asidi aqinile. Ubukhulu be-alkalinity bungalinganiswa ngenani le-asidi eqinile esetshenziswe isampula lamanzi phakathi nenqubo yokulinganisa.
⑶I-CODCr: I-CODCr inani lezinto eziphilayo emanzini angcolile ezingafakwa i-oxyd nge-oxidant potassium dichromate enamandla, elinganiswa ngo-mg/L womoya-mpilo.
⑷BOD5: I-BOD5 inani lomoya-mpilo odingekayo ukuze kucekelwe phansi izinto eziphilayo emanzini angcolile, futhi iyinkomba yokubola kwamanzi angcolile.
⑸Nitrojeni: Ezimbonini zokuhlanza indle, izinguquko kanye nokusatshalaliswa kokuqukethwe kwe-nitrogen kunikeza imingcele yenqubo. Okuqukethwe kwe-organic nitrogen ne-ammonia nitrogen emanzini angenayo ezitshalweni zokuhlanza indle ngokuvamile kuphezulu, kuyilapho okuqukethwe kwe-nitrate nitrogen ne-nitrite nitrogen ngokuvamile kuphansi. Ukwenyuka kwe-ammonia nitrogen ethangini lokuqala lokuthungatha ngokuvamile kubonisa ukuthi udaka oluzinzile seluphenduke i-anaerobic, kuyilapho ukwanda kwe-nitrate nitrogen ne-nitrite nitrogen ethangini lesibili le-sedimentation kubonisa ukuthi ukufakwa kwe-nitrification kwenzekile. Okuqukethwe kwe-nitrogen emfucumfucu wasekhaya ngokuvamile kuba ngu-20 kuya ku-80 mg/L, lapho i-nitrogen yemvelo ingu-8 kuya ku-35 mg/L, i-ammonia nitrogen ingu-12 kuya ku-50 mg/L, kanti okuqukethwe kwe-nitrate nitrogen ne-nitrite nitrogen kuphansi kakhulu. Okuqukethwe kwe-organic nitrogen, i-ammonia nitrogen, i-nitrate nitrogen kanye ne-nitrite nitrogen emanzini angcolile ezimbonini kuyahlukahluka emanzini ukuya emanzini. Okuqukethwe kwe-nitrogen kwamanye amanzi angcolile ezimbonini kuphansi kakhulu. Lapho kusetshenziswa ukwelashwa kwebhayoloji, umanyolo we-nitrogen udinga ukwengezwa ukuze ungeze inani le-nitrogen elidingwa ama-microorganisms. , futhi lapho okuqukethwe kwe-nitrogen emanzini angcolile kuphezulu kakhulu, ukwelashwa kwe-denitrification kuyadingeka ukuze kuvinjelwe i-eutrophication emanzini atholayo.
⑹ I-Phosphorus: I-phosphorus equkethwe endle yebhayoloji ivamise ukuba ngu-2 kuya ku-20 mg/L, lapho i-organic phosphorus ingu-1 kuya ku-5 mg/L kanye ne-inorganic phosphorus ingu-1 kuya ku-15 mg/L. Okuqukethwe kwe-phosphorus emanzini angcolile ezimbonini kuyahluka kakhulu. Amanye amanzi angcolile ezimbonini ane-phosphorus ephansi kakhulu. Lapho kusetshenziswa ukwelashwa kwebhayoloji, umanyolo we-phosphate udinga ukungezwa ukuze ungeze okuqukethwe kwe-phosphorus edingwa ama-microorganisms. Uma okuqukethwe kwe-phosphorus emanzini angcolile kuphezulu kakhulu, , kanye nokwelashwa kokukhipha i-phosphorus kuyadingeka ukuze kuvinjelwe i-eutrophication emanzini atholayo.
⑺Uphethiloli: Uwoyela omningi emanzini angcolile awuncibiliki emanzini futhi untanta emanzini. Amafutha emanzini angenayo azothinta umphumela we-oxygenation futhi anciphise umsebenzi we-microbial ku-sludge ecushiwe. Ingxube kawoyela yendle exubile engena esakhiweni sokwelashwa kwebhayoloji akufanele ibe ngaphezu kuka-30 kuya ku-50 mg/L.
⑻ Izinsimbi ezinzima: Izinsimbi ezinzima emanzini angcolile ziphuma kakhulu emanzini angcolile ezimbonini futhi anobuthi kakhulu. Izitshalo zokuhlanza indle ngokuvamile azinazo izindlela ezingcono zokwelashwa. Ngokuvamile zidinga ukulashelwa endaweni endaweni yokusebenzela yokukhipha amanzi ukuze zihlangabezane nezindinganiso zikazwelonke zokukhipha amanzi ngaphambi kokungena ohlelweni lokudonsa amanzi. Uma okuqukethwe kwensimbi esindayo emanzini angcolile asuka endaweni yokuhlanza indle kwanda, ngokuvamile kubonisa ukuthi kunenkinga ngokwelashwa kwangaphambili.
⑼ I-sulfide: Uma i-sulfide emanzini idlula u-0.5mg/L, izoba nephunga elibi lamaqanda abolile futhi idle, ngezinye izikhathi ibangele ngisho nobuthi be-hydrogen sulfide.
⑽I-chlorine eyinsalela: Uma usebenzisa i-chlorine ekubulaleni amagciwane, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuzala kabusha kwamagciwane ngesikhathi sokuthutha, i-chlorine esele emanzini angcolile (kuhlanganise ne-chlorine eyinsalela yamahhala kanye ne-chlorine eyinsalela ehlanganisiwe) iyinkomba yokulawula inqubo yokubulala amagciwane, ngokuvamile eyenza. hhayi ngaphezu kwe-0.3mg/L.
4. Yiziphi izinkomba zezimpawu ze-microbial zamanzi angcolile?
Izinkomba zebhayoloji zamanzi angcolile zihlanganisa inani eliphelele lamabhaktheriya, inani lamabhaktheriya e-coliform, amagciwane ahlukahlukene e-pathogenic kanye namagciwane, njll. Amanzi angcolile avela ezibhedlela, amabhizinisi ahlanganisa inyama, njll. kufanele abulawe amagciwane ngaphambi kokuba akhishwe. Izindinganiso zikazwelonke ezifanele zokuchithwa kwamanzi angcolile zibalule lokhu. Izikhungo zokuhlanza indle ngokuvamile aziboni futhi zilawula izinkomba zebhayoloji emanzini angenayo, kodwa ukuhlanza amagciwane kuyadingeka ngaphambi kokuthi kukhishwe indle ehlanzekile ukuze kulawulwe ukungcoliswa kwezindawo ezithola amanzi ngendle ehlanziwe. Uma amanzi angcolile esibili okwelapha ebhayoloji ephinde alashwe futhi aphinde asetshenziswe, kubaluleke nakakhulu ukuthi uwabulale amagciwane ngaphambi kokuphinda asetshenziswe.
⑴ Isamba senani lamabhaktheriya: Isamba senani lamabhaktheriya angasetshenziswa njengenkomba ukuhlola ukuhlanzeka kwekhwalithi yamanzi nokuhlola umthelela wokuhlanza amanzi. Ukwanda kwenani eliphelele lamabhaktheriya kubonisa ukuthi umphumela wokukhipha amagciwane emanzini umpofu, kodwa awukwazi ukukhombisa ngokuqondile ukuthi uyingozi kangakanani emzimbeni womuntu. Kumele kuhlanganiswe nenani lama-fecal coliforms ukuze kunqunywe ukuthi ikhwalithi yamanzi iphephe kangakanani emzimbeni womuntu.
⑵Inani lama-coliforms: Inani lama-coliform emanzini lingabonisa ngokungaqondile ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi amanzi aqukethe amagciwane amathumbu (afana ne-typhoid, uhudo, ikholera, njll.), futhi ngenxa yalokho asebenza njengenkomba yenhlanzeko yokuqinisekisa impilo yomuntu. Lapho indle iphinda isetshenziswa njengamanzi ayingxubevange noma amanzi asendaweni, ingase ihlangane nomzimba womuntu. Ngalesi sikhathi, inani le-fecal coliforms kufanele libonwe.
⑶ Ama-microorganisms ahlukahlukene kanye namagciwane: Izifo eziningi ezibangelwa amagciwane zingasakazwa ngamanzi. Ngokwesibonelo, amagciwane abangela isifo sokusha kwesibindi, uvendle nezinye izifo akhona emathunjini omuntu, angena esimisweni sokukhuculula indle ngendle yesiguli, abese ekhishelwa endaweni yokuhlanza indle. . Inqubo yokuhlanza indle inekhono elilinganiselwe lokususa la magciwane. Lapho indle ephathwayo ikhishwa, uma inani lokusetshenziswa kwamanzi atholayo linezidingo ezikhethekile zalezi zinambuzane ezincane ze-pathogenic kanye namagciwane, ukukhishwa kwe-disinfection nokuhlolwa kuyadingeka.
5. Yiziphi izinkomba ezijwayelekile ezikhombisa okuqukethwe yi-organic matter emanzini?
Ngemuva kokuthi izinto eziphilayo zingena emzimbeni wamanzi, zizofakwa i-oxidized futhi zibole ngaphansi kwesenzo sama-microorganisms, kancane kancane ukunciphisa umoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe emanzini. Lapho i-oxidation ihamba ngokushesha kakhulu futhi umzimba wamanzi awukwazi ukumunca umoya-mpilo owanele ovela emkhathini ngesikhathi ukuze ugcwalise umoya-mpilo osetshenzisiwe, umoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe emanzini ungase wehle kakhulu (njengangaphansi kuka-3~4mg/L), okuzothinta amanzi. izinto eziphilayo. edingekayo ekukhuleni okuvamile. Lapho umoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe emanzini usuphelile, izinto eziphilayo ziqala ukugaya kwe-anaerobic, zikhiqize iphunga futhi zithinte inhlanzeko yemvelo.
Njengoba izinto eziphilayo eziqukethwe endle ngokuvamile ziyingxube eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu yezingxenye eziningi, kunzima ukunquma amanani obuningi bengxenye ngayinye ngayinye. Eqinisweni, ezinye izinkomba ezibanzi zivame ukusetshenziswa ukumela ngokungaqondile okuqukethwe kwezinto eziphilayo emanzini. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zezinkomba eziphelele ezikhombisa okuqukethwe kwezinto eziphilayo emanzini. Enye inkomba evezwa ekudingweni komoyampilo (O2) okulingana nenani lezinto eziphilayo emanzini, njengesidingo se-biochemical oxygen (BOD), isidingo somoya-mpilo wamakhemikhali (COD), kanye nesidingo se-oxygen esiphelele (TOD). ; Olunye uhlobo luyinkomba evezwe ngekhabhoni (C), njengengqikithi ye-organic carbon TOC. Ohlotsheni olufanayo lwendle, amanani alezi zinkomba ngokuvamile ahlukile. Ukuhleleka kwamanani ezinombolo ngu-TOD>CODCr>BOD5>TOC
6. Iyini ingqikithi ye-organic carbon?
Ingqikithi ye-organic carbon TOC (isifinyezo se-Total Organic Carbon ngesiNgisi) inkomba ebanzi eveza ngokungaqondile okuqukethwe kwezinto eziphilayo emanzini. Idatha eyibonisayo yisamba sekhabhoni yokuqukethwe kwe-organic endle, futhi iyunithi ivezwa ngo-mg/L wekhabhoni (C). . Umgomo wokulinganisa i-TOC uwukuqala ngokwenza isampula yamanzi i-asidi, usebenzise i-nitrogen ukuze ukhiphe i-carbonate kusampula yamanzi ukuze uqede ukuphazamiseka, bese ujova inani elithile lesampula lamanzi ekugelezeni komoyampilo ngokuqukethwe komoyampilo okwaziwayo, bese uwuthumela ipayipi lensimbi yeplatinamu. Ishiswa kushubhu le-quartz lokuvutha njenge-catalyst ekushiseni okuphezulu kwama-900oC kuya ku-950oC. Isihlaziyi segesi ye-infrared esingahlakazeki sisetshenziselwa ukukala inani le-CO2 elakhiwe ngesikhathi senqubo yokuvutha, bese kubalwa okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni, okuyingqikithi ye-organic carbon TOC (ngemininingwane, bheka i-GB13193–91). Isikhathi sokulinganisa sithatha imizuzu embalwa kuphela.
I-TOC yendle evamile yasemadolobheni ingafinyelela ku-200mg/L. I-TOC yamanzi angcolile yezimboni inobubanzi obubanzi, afinyelela phezulu kakhulu emashumini ezinkulungwane ze-mg/L. I-TOC yendle ngemva kokwelashwa kwebhayoloji yesibili ngokuvamile ivamile<50mg> 7. Iyini ingqikithi yokufunwa komoyampilo?
Ingqikithi yesidingo somoya-mpilo i-TOD (isifinyezo se-Total Oxygen Demand ngesiNgisi) ibhekisela enanini lomoya-mpilo odingekayo lapho ukwehlisa izinto (ikakhulukazi izinto eziphilayo) emanzini zishiswa emazingeni okushisa aphezulu futhi zibe ama-oxide azinzile. Umphumela ukalwa ngo-mg/L. Inani le-TOD lingabonisa umoya-mpilo osetshenziswayo lapho cishe yonke into ephilayo emanzini (okuhlanganisa i-carbon C, i-hydrogen H, i-oxygen O, i-nitrogen N, i-phosphorus P, isulfure S, njll.) ishiswa ibe yi-CO2, H2O, NOx, SO2, njll. ubuningi. Kungabonakala ukuthi inani le-TOD ngokuvamile likhulu kunevelu ye-CODCr. Njengamanje, i-TOD ayizange ifakwe ezindinganisweni zekhwalithi yamanzi ezweni lami, kodwa isetshenziswa kuphela ocwaningweni lwethiyori mayelana nokuhlanza indle.
Umgomo wokulinganisa i-TOD uwukujova inani elithile lesampula lamanzi ekugelezeni komoyampilo nokuqukethwe komoyampilo okwaziwayo, bese uyithumela eshubhuni yokuvutha kwequartz ene-platinum steel njengesisusa, bese uyishisa ngokushesha ekushiseni okuphezulu okungu-900oC. I-organic matter kusampula yamanzi Okusho ukuthi, i-oxidized futhi idla umoya-mpilo ekugelezeni komoya-mpilo. Inani langempela lomoya-mpilo ekugelezeni komoyampilo kukhishwe umoya-mpilo osele yinani eliphelele lesidingo somoya-mpilo se-TOD. Inani lomoya-mpilo ekugelezeni komoyampilo lingalinganiswa kusetshenziswa ama-electrode, ngakho ukukala kwe-TOD kuthatha imizuzu embalwa kuphela.
8. Siyini isidingo somoya-mpilo wamakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo?
Igama eligcwele lesidingo somoya-mpilo wamakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo isidingo somoya-mpilo we-biochemical, okuyi-Biochemical Oxygen Demand ngesiNgisi futhi esifushanisiwe njenge-BOD. Kusho ukuthi ekushiseni okungama-20oC nangaphansi kwezimo ze-aerobic, isetshenziswa kunqubo ye-biochemical oxidation yama-microorganisms e-aerobic abola izinto eziphilayo emanzini. Inani lomoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe linani lomoya-mpilo odingekayo ukuze kuzinziswe izinto eziphilayo ezibolayo emanzini. Iyunithi ingu-mg/L. I-BOD ayifaki nje kuphela inani le-oxygen esetshenziswa ukukhula, ukukhiqizwa noma ukuphefumula kwama-microorganisms e-aerobic emanzini, kodwa futhi ihlanganisa nenani lomoya-mpilo osetshenziswa ngokunciphisa izinto ezingaphili ezifana ne-sulfide ne-iron ferrous, kodwa ingxenye yale ngxenye ngokuvamile encane kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, inani elikhulu le-BOD, inani elikhulu lezinto eziphilayo emanzini.
Ngaphansi kwezimo ze-aerobic, ama-microorganisms abola izinto eziphilayo zibe izinqubo ezimbili: isigaba se-oxidation se-organic equkethe ikhabhoni kanye nesigaba se-nitrification sezinto eziphilayo eziqukethe i-nitrogen. Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo ze-20oC, isikhathi esidingekayo ukuze izinto eziphilayo zifake i-oxidize esigabeni se-nitrification, okungukuthi, ukufeza ukubola okuphelele nokuzinza, singaphezu kwezinsuku eziyi-100. Kodwa-ke, empeleni, i-biochemical oxygen dinga i-BOD20 yezinsuku ezingama-20 ku-20oC cishe imele isidingo esiphelele se-biochemical oxygen. Ezicelweni zokukhiqiza, izinsuku ezingu-20 zisabhekwa njengezinde kakhulu, futhi isidingo se-oksijini ye-biochemical (BOD5) yezinsuku ezingu-5 ku-20°C ngokuvamile sisetshenziswa njengenkomba yokukala okuqukethwe kwe-organic of indle. Okuhlangenwe nakho kukhombisa ukuthi i-BOD5 yendle yasekhaya kanye nendle yokukhiqiza ehlukahlukene icishe ibe ngama-70 ~ 80% wesidingo esiphelele se-biochemical oxygen BOD20.
I-BOD5 iyipharamitha ebalulekile yokunquma umthwalo wezitshalo zokuhlanza indle. Inani le-BOD5 lingasetshenziswa ukubala inani le-oxygen edingekayo ukuze kufakwe i-oxidation yezinto eziphilayo emanzini angcolile. Inani le-oxygen elidingekayo ukuze kuqiniswe i-carbon-containing organic matter lingabizwa nge-carbon BOD5. Uma i-oxidized eyengeziwe, ukusabela kwe-nitrification kungenzeka. Inani lomoya-mpilo elidingwa amabhaktheriya e-nitrifying ukuguqula i-ammonia nitrogen ibe i-nitrate nitrogen kanye ne-nitrite nitrogen ingabizwa ngokuthi i-nitrification. BOD5. Izitshalo ezijwayelekile zokuhlanza indle zingasusa i-carbon BOD5 kuphela, kodwa hhayi i-nitrification BOD5. Njengoba ukusabela kwe-nitrification kwenzeka ngokungenakugwenywa phakathi nenqubo yokwelapha yebhayoloji yokukhipha i-carbon BOD5, inani elilinganisiwe le-BOD5 liphakeme kunokusetshenziswa kwangempela komoyampilo wento ephilayo.
Ukulinganisa kwe-BOD kuthatha isikhathi eside, futhi ukukala kwe-BOD5 okuvame ukusetshenziswa kudinga izinsuku ezi-5. Ngakho-ke, ngokuvamile ingasetshenziswa kuphela ukuhlola umphumela wenqubo nokulawula inqubo yesikhathi eside. Ngesizinda esithile sokuhlanza indle, ukuhlobana phakathi kwe-BOD5 ne-CODCr kungasungulwa, futhi i-CODCr ingasetshenziswa ukulinganisa inani le-BOD5 ukuze liqondise ukulungiswa kwenqubo yokwelapha.
9. Iyini isidingo somoya-mpilo ngamakhemikhali?
Isidingo komoyampilo wekhemikhali ngesiNgisi yi-Chemical Oxygen Demand. Isho inani le-oxidant elisetshenziswe ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo emanzini kanye nama-oxidants aqinile (njenge-potassium dichromate, potassium permanganate, njll.) ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, eziguqulelwa kumoya-mpilo. ngo mg/L.
Uma i-potassium dichromate isetshenziswa njenge-oxidant, cishe yonke (90% ~ 95%) ye-organic matter emanzini ingafakwa nge-oxidized. Inani le-oxidant elisetshenziswe ngalesi sikhathi eliguqulelwe kumoya-mpilo yilokho okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi ukufunwa komoyampilo wamakhemikhali, okuvame ukufushaniswa njenge-CODCr (bona i-GB 11914–89 ukuze uthole izindlela ezithile zokuhlaziya). Inani le-CODCr lokukhucululwa kwendle alibandakanyi kuphela ukusetshenziswa komoyampilo wokukhipha umoya-mpilo cishe zonke izinto eziphilayo emanzini, kodwa futhi lihlanganisa ukusetshenziswa komoya-mpilo ukuze kuncishiswe izinto ezingaphili njenge-nitrite, usawoti oyinsimbi, nama-sulfide emanzini.
10. Iyini inkomba ye-potassium permanganate (ukusetshenziswa kwe-oxygen)?
Isidingo somoya-mpilo samakhemikhali silinganiswa kusetshenziswa i-potassium permanganate njengoba i-oxidant ibizwa nge-potassium permanganate index (bona i-GB 11892–89 ukuze uthole izindlela ezithile zokuhlaziya) noma ukusetshenziswa komoya-mpilo, isifinyezo sesiNgisi sithi CODMn noma OC, kanti iyunithi ithi mg/L .
Njengoba amandla e-oxidizing e-potassium permanganate ebuthakathaka kune-potassium dichromate, inani elithile le-CODMn yenkomba ye-potassium permanganate yesampula yamanzi afanayo ngokuvamile liphansi kunevelu yayo ye-CODCr, okungukuthi, i-CODMn ingamela kuphela izinto eziphilayo noma izinto ezingaphili. lokho oxidized kalula emanzini. okuqukethwe. Ngakho-ke, izwe lami, i-Europe kanye ne-United States namanye amazwe amaningi asebenzisa i-CODCr njengenkomba ephelele yokulawula ukungcoliswa kwezinto eziphilayo, futhi sebenzisa kuphela inkomba ye-potassium permanganate engu-CODMn njengenkomba yokuhlola nokuqapha okuqukethwe kwezinto eziphilayo emanzini angaphezulu. njengamanzi olwandle, imifula, amachibi, njll. noma amanzi okuphuza.
Njengoba i-potassium permanganate icishe ingabi nawo umthelela oxidizing ezintweni eziphilayo ezifana ne-benzene, i-cellulose, ama-organic acid, nama-amino acid, kuyilapho i-potassium dichromate ingakwazi ukukhipha cishe zonke lezi zinto eziphilayo, i-CODCr isetshenziselwa ukukhombisa izinga lokungcoliswa kwamanzi angcolile kanye nokulawula. ukwelashwa kwendle. Imingcele yenqubo ifaneleka kakhulu. Nokho, ngenxa yokuthi ukunqunywa kwenkomba ye-potassium permanganate ye-CODMn kulula futhi kuyashesha, i-CODMn isasetshenziselwa ukukhombisa izinga lokungcola, okungukuthi, inani lezinto eziphilayo emanzini angaphezulu ahlanzekile, lapho kuhlolwa izinga lamanzi.
11. Unganquma kanjani ukubola kwamanzi angcolile ngokuhlaziya i-BOD5 kanye ne-CODCr yamanzi angcolile?
Uma amanzi equkethe izinto eziphilayo ezinobuthi, inani le-BOD5 emanzini angcolile ngokuvamile alikwazi ukulinganiswa ngokunembile. Inani le-CODCr lingakala ngokunembe kakhudlwana okuqukethwe kwezinto eziphilayo emanzini, kodwa inani le-CODCr alikwazi ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezinto ezibolayo nezingaboli. Abantu bajwayele ukukala i-BOD5/CODCr yendle ukuze bahlulele ukubola kwayo. Ngokuvamile kunenkolelo yokuthi uma i-BOD5/CODCr yendle ingaphezu kuka-0.3, ingelapheka ngokuwohloka kwemvelo. Uma i-BOD5/CODCr yendle ingaphansi kuka-0.2, ingacatshangelwa kuphela. Sebenzisa ezinye izindlela zokubhekana nakho.
12.Buyini ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-BOD5 ne-CODCr?
Isidingo komoyampilo samakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo (BOD5) simele inani lomoya-mpilo odingekayo ngesikhathi sokubola kwamakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo kukungcola okusendle. Ingakwazi ukuchaza ngokuqondile inkinga ngomqondo wamakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo. Ngakho-ke, i-BOD5 ayiyona nje inkomba ebalulekile yekhwalithi yamanzi, kodwa futhi iyinkomba ye-biology ye-sewage. Ipharamitha yokulawula ebaluleke kakhulu ngesikhathi sokucubungula. Kodwa-ke, i-BOD5 nayo ingaphansi kwemikhawulo ethile esetshenziswayo. Okokuqala, isikhathi sokulinganisa side (izinsuku ezingu-5), esingakwazi ukubonisa nokuqondisa ukusebenza kwemishini yokuhlanza indle ngesikhathi esifanele. Okwesibili, indle ethile ekhiqizwayo ayinazo izimo zokukhula nokuzala kwe-microbial (njengokuba khona kwezinto eziphilayo ezinobuthi). ), inani layo le-BOD5 alikwazi ukunqunywa.
Isidingo sekhemikhali komoyampilo I-CODCr ikhombisa okuqukethwe cishe kwazo zonke izinto eziphilayo kanye nokunciphisa izinto ezingaphili endle, kodwa ayikwazi ukuchaza ngokuqondile inkinga ngomqondo wamakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo njengesidingo se-biochemical oxygen BOD5. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuhlola isidingo sekhemikhali ye-oksijini inani le-CODCr lendle kungacacisa ngokunembe kakhudlwana okuqukethwe kwemvelo emanzini, kodwa isidingo samakhemikhali somoya-mpilo i-CODCr ayikwazi ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo ezingaboli kahle nezinto eziphilayo ezingaboli.
Inani le-CODCr lamakhemikhali elidinga ikhemikhali liphakeme kunenani le-BOD5 lesidingo se-oksijini ye-biochemical, futhi umehluko phakathi kwakho cishe ungabonisa okuqukethwe kwezinto eziphilayo endle ezingeke zonakaliswe amagciwane. Emapayipini endle anezingxenye ezingcolisayo ezingashintshiwe, i-CODCr ne-BOD5 ngokuvamile inobudlelwano obuthile bokulinganisa futhi ingabalwa isuka kwenye. Ukwengeza, ukukalwa kwe-CODCr kuthatha isikhathi esincane. Ngokwendlela evamile kazwelonke ye-reflux yamahora angu-2, kuthatha kuphela amahora angu-3 kuya kwangu-4 kusukela ekuthathweni kwesampula kuya kumphumela, kuyilapho ukulinganisa inani le-BOD5 kuthatha izinsuku ezingu-5. Ngakho-ke, ekusebenzeni nasekuphathweni kwangempela kokuhlanza indle, i-CODCr ivame ukusetshenziswa njengenkomba yokulawula.
Ukuze kuqondiswe imisebenzi yokukhiqiza ngokushesha okukhulu, ezinye izimboni zokuhlanza indle nazo zenze amazinga ezinkampani zokulinganisa i-CODCr ku-reflux imizuzu emi-5. Nakuba imiphumela elinganisiwe inephutha elithile ngendlela evamile kazwelonke, ngenxa yokuthi iphutha liyiphutha elihlelekile, imiphumela yokuqapha eqhubekayo ingabonisa kahle izinga lamanzi. Ukushintsha kwangempela kokushintsha kwesistimu yokuhlanza indle kungancishiswa kube ngaphansi kwehora elingu-1, okunikeza isiqinisekiso sesikhathi sokulungiswa ngesikhathi kwemingcele yokusebenza yokuhlanza indle futhi kuvinjwe izinguquko ezingazelelwe eqophelweni lamanzi ukuthi zingabe nomthelela ohlelweni lokuhlanza indle. Ngamanye amazwi, izinga lamanzi angcolile aphuma emshinini wokuhlanza indle liyathuthukiswa. Linganisa.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Sep-14-2023
