56. Yiziphi izindlela zokukala i-petroleum?
I-Petroleum iyingxube eyinkimbinkimbi eyakhiwe ama-alkanes, ama-cycloalkanes, ama-hydrocarbon anephunga elimnandi, ama-hydrocarbon angagcwele kanye nenani elincane lesulfure ne-nitrogen oxides. Emazingeni ekhwalithi yamanzi, i-petroleum icaciswa njengenkomba ye-toxicological kanye nenkomba yezinzwa zomuntu ukuze kuvikelwe impilo yasemanzini, ngoba izinto ze-petroleum zinomthelela omkhulu empilweni yasemanzini. Uma okuqukethwe kwe-petroleum emanzini kuphakathi kuka-0.01 no-0.1mg/L, kuzophazamisa ukuphakelwa nokukhiqizwa kabusha kwezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini. Ngakho-ke, izinga lamanzi ezwe lami lokudoba akumele lidlule ku-0.05 mg/L, izinga lamanzi okunisela ngezolimo akumele lidlule ku-5.0 mg/L, futhi izinga lokuthuthwa kwendle elibanzi akumele lidlule ku-10 mg/L. Ngokuvamile, okuqukethwe kwe-petroleum yendle engena ethangini lokungenisa umoya ngeke kudlule ku-50mg/L.
Ngenxa yokwakheka okuyinkimbinkimbi kanye nezakhiwo ezihluka kakhulu ze-petroleum, okuhambisana nemikhawulo ezindleleni zokuhlaziya, kunzima ukusungula izinga elihlangene elisebenza ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene. Uma okuqukethwe kwamafutha emanzini kungu->10 mg/L, indlela ye-gravimetric ingasetshenziswa ukuze kunqunywe. Okubi ukuthi ukusebenza kuyinkimbinkimbi futhi uwoyela omncane ulahleka kalula lapho i-petroleum ether ihwamuka futhi yomiswa. Uma okuqukethwe kukawoyela emanzini kungu-0.05~10 mg/L, i-non-dispersive infrared photometry, i-infrared spectrophotometry kanye ne-ultraviolet spectrophotometry ingasetshenziswa ukukala. I-Non-dispersive infrared photometry ne-infrared photometry ingamazinga kazwelonke okuhlolwa kwe-petroleum. (GB/T16488-1996). I-spectrophotometry ye-UV isetshenziswa kakhulu ukuhlaziya ama-hydrocarbon anephunga elimnandi nephunga elinobuthi. Kubhekiselwa ezintweni ezingakhishwa nge-petroleum ether futhi zibe nezici zokumunca kumaza wamaza athile. Ayifaki zonke izinhlobo ze-petroleum.
57. Yiziphi izinyathelo zokuphepha zokulinganisa uphethiloli?
I-ejenti yokukhipha esetshenziswa i-dispersive infrared photometry ne-infrared photometry i-carbon tetrachloride noma i-trichlorotrifluoroethane, futhi i-ejenti yokukhipha esetshenziswa indlela ye-gravimetric kanye ne-ultraviolet spectrophotometry i-petroleum ether. Lawa ma-ejenti akhiphayo anobuthi futhi kufanele aphathwe ngokuqapha nangesivatho somusi.
Uwoyela ojwayelekile kufanele kube i-petroleum ether noma i-carbon tetrachloride ekhishwe emanzini azogadwa. Kwesinye isikhathi eminye imikhiqizo kawoyela ejwayelekile eyaziwayo ingasetshenziswa, noma i-n-hexadecane, isooctane ne-benzene ingasetshenziswa ngokwesilinganiso esingu-65:25:10. Yakhiwe ngokwesilinganiso sevolumu. I-petroleum ether esetshenziselwa ukukhipha uwoyela ojwayelekile, ukudweba amajika kawoyela ajwayelekile kanye nokulinganisa amasampula amanzi angcolile kufanele isuke enombolweni yenqwaba efanayo, ngaphandle kwalokho amaphutha esistimu azokwenzeka ngenxa yamanani ahlukene angenalutho.
Kudingeka amasampula ahlukene lapho kukalwa uwoyela. Ngokuvamile, ibhodlela lengilazi elinomlomo obanzi lisetshenziswa ebhodleleni lesampula. Amabhodlela epulasitiki akumele asetshenziswe, futhi isampula lamanzi alikwazi ukugcwalisa ibhodlela lesampula, futhi kufanele kube negebe kulo. Uma isampula lamanzi lingakwazi ukuhlaziywa ngosuku olufanayo, i-hydrochloric acid noma i-sulfuric acid ingangezwa ukwenza inani le-pH.<2 to inhibit the growth of microorganisms, and stored in a 4oc refrigerator. piston on separatory funnel cannot be coated with oily grease such as vaseline.
58. Yiziphi izinkomba zekhwalithi yamanzi ezinsimbi ezisindayo ezivamile kanye nezinto ezingezona ezensimbi ezinobuthi neziyingozi?
Izinsimbi ezisindayo ezivamile nezinto ezingezona ezensimbi ezinobuthi neziyingozi emanzini ikakhulukazi zihlanganisa i-mercury, i-cadmium, i-chromium, i-lead ne-sulfide, i-cyanide, i-fluoride, i-arsenic, i-selenium, njll. Lezi zinkomba zekhwalithi yamanzi zinobuthi ukuze kuqinisekiswe impilo yomuntu noma ukuvikela impilo yasemanzini. . izinkomba ezibonakalayo. I-National Comprehensive Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB 8978-1996) inemithetho eqinile mayelana nezinkomba zokuchithwa kwamanzi angcolile eziqukethe lezi zinto.
Ezimbonini zokuhlanza indle lamanzi angenayo aqukethe lezi zinto, okuqukethwe kwalezi zinto ezinobuthi neziyingozi emanzini angenayo kanye nokungcola kwethangi lesibili le-sedimentation kufanele kuhlolwe ngokucophelela ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi amazinga okukhishwa ayafinyelelwa. Uma sekutholakele ukuthi amanzi angenayo noma ukungcola kweqa izinga, kufanele kuthathwe izinyathelo ngokushesha ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi amanzi angcolile afinyelela izinga ngokushesha okukhulu ngokuqinisa ukugezwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi kanye nokulungisa imingcele yokusebenza kokuthuthwa kwendle. Ekuhlanzeni indle okujwayelekile kwesibili, i-sulfide ne-cyanide yizinkomba ezimbili zekhwalithi yamanzi ezivame kakhulu zezinto ezingezona ezensimbi ezinobuthi neziyingozi.
59.Zingaki izinhlobo zesulfide emanzini?
Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zesibabule ezikhona emanzini ama-sulfate, ama-sulfide nama-organic sulfide. Phakathi kwazo, i-sulfide inezinhlobo ezintathu: i-H2S, i-HS- ne-S2-. Inani lefomu ngalinye lihlobene nenani le-pH lamanzi. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezine-acidic Uma inani le-pH lingaphezulu kuka-8, liba khona ikakhulukazi ngesimo se-H2S. Uma inani le-pH likhulu kuno-8, liba khona kakhulu ngendlela ye-HS- ne-S2-. Ukutholakala kwe-sulfide emanzini ngokuvamile kubonisa ukuthi ingcolile. Amanzi angcolile akhishwa kwezinye izimboni, ikakhulukazi ukuhluza i-petroleum, ngokuvamile aqukethe inani elithile le-sulfide. Ngaphansi kwesenzo sebhaktheriya ye-anaerobic, i-sulfate emanzini nayo ingancishiswa ibe yi-sulfide.
Okuqukethwe kwe-sulfide yendle okuvela ezingxenyeni ezifanele zesistimu yokuhlanza indle kufanele kuhlaziywe ngokucophelela ukuze kuvinjelwe ubuthi be-hydrogen sulfide. Ikakhulukazi emanzini angenayo kanye ne-outlet yeyunithi yokuhlubula i-desulfurization, okuqukethwe kwe-sulfide kubonisa ngokuqondile umphumela weyunithi yokuhlubula futhi iyinkomba yokulawula. Ukuze kuvinjwe i-sulfide eningi ezindaweni zamanzi emvelo, izinga likazwelonke eliphelele lokuchithwa kwamanzi angcolile libeka ukuthi okuqukethwe kwe-sulfide akufanele kudlule u-1.0mg/L. Uma usebenzisa i-aerobic secondary biological treatment of indle, uma ukugxila kwe-sulfide emanzini angenayo kungaphansi kuka-20mg/L, okusebenzayo. ukufinyelela izinga. Okuqukethwe yi-sulfide kumanzi angcolile avela ethangini lesibili lenzika kufanele kuqashelwe njalo ukuze kubhekwe ukuthi ukungcola kuyahlangabezana yini nezindinganiso futhi kunqunywe indlela yokulungisa imingcele yokusebenza.
60. Zingaki izindlela ezivame ukusetshenziswa ukuthola okuqukethwe kwe-sulfide emanzini?
Izindlela ezivame ukusetshenziswa zokuthola okuqukethwe kwe-sulfide emanzini zihlanganisa i-methylene blue spectrophotometry, i-p-amino N, i-N dimethylaniline spectrophotometry, indlela ye-iodometric, indlela ye-ion electrode, njll. Phakathi kwazo, indlela kazwelonke yokunquma i-sulfide i-methylene blue spectrophotometry. I-Photometry (GB/T16489-1996) kanye ne-spectrophotometry yombala oqondile (GB/T17133-1997). Imikhawulo yokuthola yalezi zindlela ezimbili ingu-0.005mg/L kanye no-0.004mg/l ngokulandelanayo. Uma isampula lamanzi lingahlanjululwanga, Kulokhu, ukugxila okuphezulu kokutholwa kungu-0.7mg/L no-25mg/L ngokulandelanayo. Ibanga lokuhlushwa kwe-sulfide elilinganiswa nge-p-amino N,N dimethylaniline spectrophotometry (CJ/T60–1999) lingu-0.05~0.8mg/L. Ngakho-ke, indlela ye-spectrophotometry engenhla ifaneleka kuphela ukuthola okuqukethwe kwe-sulfide ephansi. Kunamanzi. Uma ukuhlushwa kwe-sulfide emanzini angcolile kuphezulu, indlela ye-iodometric (HJ/T60-2000 ne-CJ/T60-1999) ingasetshenziswa. Ibanga lokuhlushwa lokutholwa lendlela ye-iodometric ngu-1~200mg/L.
Uma isampuli yamanzi ine-turbid, colored, noma iqukethe izinto ezinciphisayo ezifana ne-SO32-, S2O32-, mercaptans, nama-thioethers, izophazamisa kakhulu ukulinganisa futhi idinga ukuhlukaniswa kwangaphambili ukuze kuqedwe ukuphazamiseka. Indlela evame ukusetshenziswa ngaphambi kokuhlukanisa i-acidification-stripping-absorption. Umthetho. Isimiso siwukuthi ngemva kokuba isampula lamanzi senziwe i-asidi, i-sulfide ikhona kusimo samangqamuzana e-H2S esixazululweni esine-asidi, futhi ishaywa ngegesi, bese imuncwa uketshezi olumuncwayo, bese iyalinganiswa.
Indlela eqondile iwukuba uqale ungeze i-EDTA kusampula yamanzi ukuze kube nzima futhi kuzinzise ama-ion amaningi ensimbi (afana ne-Cu2+, Hg2+, Ag+, Fe3+) ukuze kugwenywe ukuphazamiseka okubangelwa ukusabela phakathi kwalezi ion zensimbi nama-ion e-sulfide; futhi wengeze inani elifanele le-hydroxylamine hydrochloride, engavimbela Ngokuphumelelayo ukusabela kokunciphisa i-oxidation phakathi kwezinto ezikhipha i-oxidizing nama-sulfide kumasampuli amanzi. Uma ufutha i-H2S emanzini, izinga lokululama liphakeme kakhulu ngokushukumisa kunokunganyakazi. Izinga lokubuyisela i-sulfide lingafinyelela ku-100% ngaphansi kokugqugquzela imizuzu engu-15. Lapho isikhathi sokukhumula ngaphansi kokunyakaziswa sidlula amaminithi angu-20, izinga lokutakula liyancipha kancane. Ngakho-ke, ukukhumula kuvame ukwenziwa ngaphansi kokunyakaziswa futhi isikhathi sokukhumula siyimizuzu engama-20. Lapho izinga lokushisa lokugeza amanzi lingama-35-55oC, izinga lokubuyisela i-sulfide lingafinyelela ku-100%. Uma izinga lokushisa lokugeza lamanzi lingaphezu kwama-65oC, izinga lokutholwa kwe-sulfide liyancipha kancane. Ngakho-ke, izinga lokushisa elilungile lokugeza amanzi ngokuvamile likhethwa libe ngu-35 kuya ku-55oC.
61. Yiziphi ezinye izindlela zokuphepha zokunquma i-sulfide?
⑴ Ngenxa yokungaqini kwe-sulfide emanzini, lapho kuqoqwa amasampula amanzi, iphoyinti lesampula alikwazi ukufakwa umoya noma ukunyakaziswa ngamandla. Ngemuva kokuqoqwa, isisombululo se-zinc acetate kufanele sengezwe ngesikhathi ukuze senze ukumiswa kwe-zinc sulfide. Uma isampula yamanzi ine-acidic, isisombululo se-alkaline kufanele sifakwe ukuze kuvinjelwe ukukhululwa kwe-hydrogen sulfide. Uma isampula lamanzi seligcwele, ibhodlela kufanele libotshwe futhi lithunyelwe elabhorethri ukuze lihlaziywe ngokushesha okukhulu.
⑵ Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyiphi indlela esetshenziselwa ukuhlaziya, amasampula amanzi kufanele enziwe ukuze kuqedwe ukuphazamiseka futhi kuthuthukiswe amazinga okuthola. Ukuba khona kwama-colorants, okuqinile okumisiwe, SO32-, S2O32-, mercaptans, thioethers nezinye izinto ezinciphisayo kuzothinta imiphumela yokuhlaziya. Izindlela zokuqeda ukuphazamiseka kwalezi zinto zingasebenzisa ukuhlukaniswa kwemvula, ukuhlukanisa ukushaywa komoya, ukushintshaniswa kwe-ion, njll.
⑶ Amanzi asetshenziselwa ukuhlanjululwa kanye nokulungiswa kwezixazululo ze-reagent awakwazi ukuqukatha ama-ion ensimbi esindayo njenge-Cu2+ ne-Hg2+, ngaphandle kwalokho imiphumela yokuhlaziya izoba ngaphansi ngenxa yokukhiqizwa kwama-asidi angancibiliki ama-sulfide. Ngakho-ke, ungasebenzisi amanzi ase-distilled atholakala kuma-distillers ensimbi. Kungcono ukusebenzisa amanzi deionized. Noma amanzi acwengekile avela endaweni eyingilazi yonke.
⑷ Ngokufanayo, ukulandelela amanani ezinsimbi ezisindayo eziqukethwe kusixazululo sokumuncwa kwe-zinc acetate nakho kuzothinta imiphumela yokulinganisa. Ungangeza i-1mL yesisombululo esisanda kulungiswa esingu-0.05mol/L se-sodium sulfide dropwise ku-1L wesisombululo sokumuncwa kwe-zinc acetate ngaphansi kokunyakaziswa okwanele, futhi usivumele sihlale ubusuku bonke. , bese uzungezisa futhi unyakazise, bese uhlunga ngephepha lokuhlunga elinombhalo ocolekile, bese ulahla okokuhlunga. Lokhu kungaqeda ukuphazamiseka kokulandela izinsimbi ezisindayo kusixazululo sokumuncwa.
⑸Isixazululo esijwayelekile se-sodium sulfide alizinzile ngokwedlulele. Ukuncipha kokugxila, kuba lula ukushintsha. Kumele ilungiswe futhi ilinganiswe ngokushesha ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa. Ingaphezulu lekristalu ye-sodium sulfide esetshenziselwa ukulungisa isisombululo esivamile ngokuvamile iqukethe i-sulfite, ebangela amaphutha. Kungcono ukusebenzisa amakristalu ezinhlayiyana ezinkulu futhi uwahlanza ngokushesha ngamanzi ukuze ususe i-sulfite ngaphambi kokukala.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Dec-04-2023
