31.Kuyini okuqinile okumisiwe?
Izinto eziqinile ezimisiwe i-SS zibizwa nangokuthi izinto ezingahlungi. Indlela yokulinganisa iwukuhlunga isampula lamanzi ngolwelwesi lwesihlungi esingu-0.45μm bese uyahwamuka bese komisa insalela ehlungiwe ku-103oC ~ 105oC. Izinto eziqinile ezimisiwe ezintengantengayo i-VSS isho inqwaba yezinto eziqinile ezimisiwe ezishintshashintsha ngemva kokusha ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu elingu-600oC, elingamelela cishe okuqukethwe kwezinto eziphilayo ezintweni eziqinile ezimisiwe. Izinto ezisele ngemva kokushiswa izinto eziqinile ezimisiwe ezingaguquguquki, ezingamelela cishe okuqukethwe kwezinto ezingaphili ezintweni eziqinile ezimisiwe.
Emanzini angcolile noma emanzini angcolile, okuqukethwe kanye nezakhiwo zezinto eziqinile ezimisiwe ezingancibiliki ziyahlukahluka ngemvelo yokungcola kanye nezinga lokungcola. Okuqinile okulengisiwe kanye nezinto eziqinile ezimisiwe ezintengantengayo ziyizinkomba ezibalulekile zokuklama ukuhlanzwa kwamanzi angcolile kanye nokuphathwa kokusebenza.
32. Kungani okuqinile okumisiwe kanye nezinto eziqinile ezilengisiwe kuyimingcele ebalulekile ekwakhiweni kokuhlanza amanzi angcolile nokulawulwa kokusebenza?
Okuqinile okumisiwe kanye nezinto eziqinile ezilengisiwe ezintengantengayo emanzini angcolile ziyimingcele ebalulekile ekwakhiweni kokuhlanza nokusetshenziswa kwamanzi angcolile.
Mayelana nokuqukethwe okumisiwe kodaba lwamanzi angcolile ethangi le-sedimentation lesibili, izinga likazwelonke lokulahla indle elisezingeni lokuqala libeka ukuthi akumele lidlule ku-70 mg/L (izimboni zokukhuculula indle ezisemadolobheni akumele zeqe ku-20 mg/L), okungenye ye izinkomba ezibalulekile zokulawula izinga lamanzi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, okuqinile okumisiwe kuyinkomba yokuthi ingabe uhlelo olujwayelekile lokuhlanza indle lusebenza ngokujwayelekile yini. Ukushintsha okungavamile kwenani lezinsalela ezimisiwe emanzini ezivela ethangini lesibili le-sedimentation noma ukweqa izinga kubonisa ukuthi kunenkinga ngohlelo lokuhlanza indle, futhi kufanele kuthathwe izinyathelo ezifanele ukuze kubuyiselwe esimweni esivamile.
Okuqinile okumisiwe (MLSS) nokuqukethwe okuqinile okumiswe okwesikhashana (MLVSS) kudaka olucushiwe kudivayisi yokwelashwa kwebhayoloji kufanele kube phakathi kwenani elithile lebanga, futhi kumasistimu okuhlanza indle anekhwalithi yamanzi ezinzile, kunobudlelwano obuthile obulinganayo phakathi ezimbili. Uma i-MLSS noma i-MLVSS yeqa ibanga elithile noma isilinganiso phakathi kwalezi zinguquko ezimbili ngokuphawulekayo, kufanele kwenziwe imizamo yokuyibuyisela kokujwayelekile. Uma kungenjalo, ikhwalithi yamanzi angcolile avela ohlelweni lokwelapha lwebhayoloji izoshintsha nakanjani, futhi ngisho nezinkomba ezihlukahlukene zokukhipha umoya, kuhlanganise nezinto eziqinile ezimisiwe, zizodlula izindinganiso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokulinganisa i-MLSS, inkomba yevolumu ye-sludge yengxube yethangi lokungenisa umoya nayo ingagadwa ukuze kuqondwe izici zokuxazulula kanye nomsebenzi wodaka olucushiwe nokunye ukumiswa kwebhayoloji.
33. Yiziphi izindlela zokukala izinto eziqinile ezimisiwe?
I-GB11901-1989 icacisa indlela yokunqunywa kwegravimetric yezinto eziqinile ezimisiwe emanzini. Lapho kukalwa okuqinile okumisiwe kwe-SS, umthamo othile wamanzi angcolile noma uketshezi oluxubile ngokuvamile luyaqoqwa, luhlungwe ngolwelwesi lwesihlungi esingu-0.45 μm ukuze kunqandwe izinto eziqinile ezimisiwe, futhi ulwelwesi lwesihlungi lusetshenziselwa ukunqanda okuqinile okumisiwe ngaphambi nangemuva. Umehluko omkhulu inani lezinto eziqinile ezimisiwe. Iyunithi evamile ye-SS yamanzi angcolile avamile kanye nokungcola kwethangi lesibili le-sedimentation ngu-mg/L, kuyilapho iyunithi evamile ye-SS yethangi lokungenisa umoya elixutshwe nodaka nodaka olubuyayo ingu-g/L.
Lapho kukala amasampula amanzi ngamavelu amakhulu e-SS afana notshwala obuxutshwe komoya nokubuyisela udaka ezikhungweni zokuhlanza amanzi angcolile, futhi lapho ukunemba kwemiphumela yokulinganisa kuphansi, iphepha lesihlungi somthamo lingasetshenziswa esikhundleni solwelwesi lwesihlungi esingu-0.45 μm. Lokhu akukwazi nje ukubonisa isimo sangempela sokuqondisa ukulungiswa kokusebenza kokukhiqizwa kwangempela, kodwa futhi konga izindleko zokuhlola. Kodwa-ke, lapho kukalwa i-SS emanzini angcolile ethangi le-sedimentation yesibili noma amanzi angcolile okwelapha ajulile, ulwelwesi lwesihlungi esingu-0.45 μm kufanele lusetshenziselwe ukukala, ngaphandle kwalokho iphutha emiphumeleni yokulinganisa lizoba likhulu kakhulu.
Enqubweni yokuhlanza amanzi angcolile, ukugxiliswa kwezinto eziqinile ezimisiwe kungenye yemingcele yenqubo edinga ukutholwa kaningi, njengokugxiliswa kwezinto eziqinile ezifakwe emanzini, ukugxiliswa kodaka oluxubile ku-aeration, ukubuyisela ukugcwala kodaka, ukugcwala kodaka olusele, njll. Ukuze usheshe thola inani le-SS, amamitha okuhlushwa ama-sludge avame ukusetshenziswa ezitshalweni zokuhlanza amanzi angcolile, kufaka phakathi uhlobo lwe-optical kanye nohlobo lwe-ultrasonic. Umgomo oyisisekelo wemitha yokugxilisa i-optical sludge ukusebenzisa i-beam yokukhanya ukuze ihlakazeke lapho ihlangana nezinhlayiya ezimisiwe lapho idlula emanzini, futhi ukuqina kuba buthaka. Ukuhlakazeka kokukhanya kuyingxenye ethile yenombolo nosayizi wezinhlayiya ezimisiwe okuhlangatshezwane nazo. Ukukhanya okuhlakazekile kutholwa iseli elizwela ukukhanya. kanye nezinga lokuncisha ukukhanya, ukugxila kodaka emanzini kungachazwa. Umgomo wemitha yokuhlushwa ye-sludge ye-ultrasonic ukuthi lapho amagagasi e-ultrasonic edlula emanzini angcolile, ukuncishiswa kokuqina kwe-ultrasonic kuhambisana nokuhlushwa kwezinhlayiya ezimisiwe emanzini. Ngokuthola ukuncishiswa kwamagagasi e-ultrasonic ngenzwa ekhethekile, ukugxila kwe-sludge emanzini kungachazwa.
34. Yiziphi izinyathelo zokuphepha zokunqunywa kokuqina okumisiwe?
Lapho kulinganiswa futhi kuthathwa amasampula, isampula lamanzi angcolile ethangi lesibili lokuthungatha noma isampula lodaka elicushiwe kudivayisi yokwelapha yebhayoloji kufanele limelele, futhi izinhlayiya ezinkulu zezinto ezintantayo noma izinto zamahlule ahlukahlukene ezicwiliswe kulo kufanele zisuswe. Ukuze uvimbele izinsalela eziningi kudiski lokuhlunga ekufakeni amanzi futhi andise isikhathi sokumisa, umthamo wesampula kungcono ukukhiqiza u-2.5 kuya ku-200 mg wokuqinile okumisiwe. Uma singekho esinye isisekelo, umthamo wesampula wokunqunywa kwezinto eziqinile ezimisiwe ungasethwa njengo-100ml, futhi kufanele uxutshwe kahle.
Uma ukala amasampula odaka acushiwe, ngenxa yokuqukethwe okukhulu kwezinto eziqinile ezimisiwe, inani lezinsimbi ezimisiwe kusampula ngokuvamile lingaphezu kuka-200 mg. Kulokhu, isikhathi sokumisa kufanele selulwe ngokufanelekile, bese sithuthelwa endaweni yokomisa ukuze kuphole ezingeni lokushisa elilinganayo ngaphambi kokukala. Ukomisa okuphindaphindiwe nokomisa kuze kube yilapho isisindo esiqhubekayo noma ukuncipha kwesisindo kungaphansi kuka-4% wesisindo sangaphambilini. Ukuze ugweme imisebenzi eminingi yokomisa, ukomisa, nokukala, isinyathelo ngasinye nesikhathi sokusebenza kufanele kulawulwe ngokuqinile futhi kuqedwe ngokuzimela uchwepheshe waselabhorethri ukuze kuqinisekiswe amasu angaguquki.
Amasampula amanzi aqoqiwe kufanele ahlaziywe futhi akalwe ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka. Uma zidinga ukugcinwa, zingagcinwa esiqandisini esingu-4oC, kodwa isikhathi sokugcina amasampula amanzi akufanele sidlule izinsuku ezingu-7. Ukuze wenze imiphumela yokulinganisa inembe ngangokunokwenzeka, lapho ukala amasampula amanzi anamanani aphezulu e-SS afana noketshezi oluxubile lwe-aeration, umthamo wesampula wamanzi ungancishiswa ngokufanelekile; kuyilapho kulinganiswa amasampula amanzi ngamavelu e-SS aphansi njengamanzi angcolile ethangi le-sedimentation, umthamo wamanzi ahlolwayo unganyuswa ngokufanelekile. Ivolumu enjalo.
Lapho ukala ukugcwala kodaka ngenani eliphakeme le-SS elifana nodaka olubuyayo, ukuze kuvinjwe imidiya yokuhlunga efana nolwelwesi lwesihlungi noma iphepha lokuhlunga ukuthi lingahlanganisi izinto eziqinile ezimiswe okwesikhashana futhi zifake amanzi amaningi kakhulu, isikhathi sokumisa kufanele sinwetshwe. Lapho ukala ngesisindo esiqhubekayo, kuyadingeka ukuthi unake ukuthi isisindo sishintsha kangakanani. Uma ushintsho lukhulu kakhulu, ngokuvamile kusho ukuthi i-SS ku-membrane yesihlungi yomile ngaphandle futhi imanzi ngaphakathi, futhi isikhathi sokumisa sidinga ukunwetshwa.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Oct-12-2023
