35.Kuyini ukuguguleka kwamanzi?
Ukuguquguquka kwamanzi kuyinkomba yokudluliswa kokukhanya kwamasampula amanzi. Kungenxa yento encane ye-inorganic kanye ne-organic kanye nezinye izinto ezimisiwe ezifana ne-sediment, ubumba, ama-microorganisms nezinye izinto ezimisiwe emanzini ezibangela ukuba ukukhanya okudlula isampula yamanzi kuhlakazeke noma kufakwe. Okubangelwa ukungena okuqondile, izinga lokuvimbela ekudlulisweni komthombo othile wokukhanya lapho ilitha ngalinye lamanzi acwecwe liqukethe i-1 mg SiO2 (noma i-diatomaceous earth) ngokuvamile libhekwa njengendinganiso ye-turbidity, ebizwa ngokuthi i-Jackson degree, evezwe ku-JTU.
Imitha ye-turbidity yenziwe ngokusekelwe kumgomo wokuthi ukungcola okumisiwe emanzini kunomphumela ohlakazekayo ekukhanyeni. I-turbidity elinganisiwe iyunithi ye-turbidity ehlakazekayo, evezwe nge-NTU. Imfucumfucu yamanzi ayihlobene nje kuphela nokuqukethwe yizinhlayiyana ezikhona emanzini, kodwa futhi zihlobene eduze nobukhulu, ukuma, kanye nezakhiwo zalezi zinhlayiya.
I-turbidity ephezulu yamanzi ayikhulisi nje kuphela umthamo we-disinfectant, kodwa futhi ithinta umphumela wokubulala amagciwane. Ukuncishiswa kwe-turbidity ngokuvamile kusho ukuncishiswa kwezinto eziyingozi, amagciwane kanye namagciwane emanzini. Lapho imfucumfucu yamanzi ifinyelela kuma-degree angu-10, abantu bangasho ukuthi amanzi anodaka.
36.Iziphi izindlela zokukala ukuthuthumela?
Izindlela zokulinganisa i-turbidity ezicaciswe kuzinga likazwelonke le-GB13200-1991 zifaka i-spectrophotometry kanye ne-visual colorimetry. Iyunithi yemiphumela yalezi zindlela ezimbili yi-JTU. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunendlela yensimbi yokulinganisa ukuguguleka kwamanzi kusetshenziswa umphumela wokuhlakazeka kokukhanya. Iyunithi yomphumela olinganiswa imitha ye-turbidity yi-NTU. Indlela ye-spectrophotometric ifanele ukutholwa kwamanzi okuphuza, amanzi emvelo kanye namanzi angcolile, anomkhawulo wokuthola ubuncane be-3 degrees; indlela ye-colorimetry ebonakalayo ifanele ukutholwa kwamanzi ane-turbidity ephansi njengamanzi okuphuza kanye namanzi omthombo, ngomkhawulo wokuthola ubuncane be-1 Sebenzisa. Lapho kuhlolwa ukuguguleka kumanzi angcolile ethangi le-sedimentation lesibili noma amanzi angcolile okwelapha athuthukisiwe elabhorethri, zombili izindlela zokuhlonza ezimbili zokuqala zingasetshenziswa; lapho kuhlolwa ukungcola emanzini angcolile embonini yokuhlanza indle kanye namapayipi ohlelo lokwelapha oluthuthukisiwe, ngokuvamile kuyadingeka ukufaka i-Turbidimeter eku-inthanethi.
Umgomo oyisisekelo wemitha ye-turbidity eku-inthanethi uyafana naleyo yemitha yokugxilisa i-optical sludge. Umehluko phakathi kwalokhu okubili ukuthi ukugxiliswa kwe-SS okukalwa imitha yokugxilisa udaka kuphezulu, ngakho kusebenzisa isimiso sokumunca ukukhanya, kuyilapho i-SS elinganiswa imitha ye-turbidity iphansi. Ngakho-ke, ngokusebenzisa isimiso sokuhlakazeka kokukhanya kanye nokulinganisa ingxenye yokukhanya edlula emanzini alinganisiwe, i-turbidity yamanzi ingachazwa.
I-turbidity ingumphumela wokuxhumana phakathi kwezinhlayiya ezikhanyayo neziqinile emanzini. Usayizi we-turbidity uhlobene nezici ezifana nosayizi nokuma kwezinhlayiya zokungcola emanzini kanye nenkomba yokukhanya ecwebezelayo ewumphumela. Ngakho-ke, lapho okuqukethwe kokuqinile okumisiwe emanzini kuphezulu, ngokuvamile ukuthuthumela Kwawo kuphezulu, kodwa akukho ukuhlobana okuqondile phakathi kwalokhu kokubili. Kwesinye isikhathi okuqukethwe okuqinile okumisiwe kuyefana, kodwa ngenxa yezakhiwo ezihlukene zezinto eziqinile ezimisiwe, amanani e-turbidity akaliwe ahluke kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, uma amanzi equkethe ukungcola okuningi okumisiwe, indlela yokulinganisa i-SS kufanele isetshenziselwe ukubonisa ngokunembile izinga lokungcoliswa kwamanzi noma inani elithile lokungcola.
Zonke izinto zengilazi ezithinta amasampula amanzi kumele zihlanzwe nge-hydrochloric acid noma i-surfactant. Amasampula amanzi okulinganisa ukuguguleka kufanele angabi namfucumfucu kanye nezinhlayiya ezicwengeka kalula, futhi kufanele aqoqwe emabhodleleni engilazi avaliwe futhi akalwe ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka ngemva kokuthatha amasampula. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezikhethekile, ingagcinwa endaweni emnyama ku-4 ° C isikhathi esifushane, kuze kufike emahoreni angu-24, futhi idinga ukunyakaziswa ngamandla futhi ibuyiselwe ekamelweni lokushisa ngaphambi kokulinganisa.
37.Uyini umbala wamanzi?
I-chromaticity yamanzi inkomba eshiwo lapho kulinganiswa umbala wamanzi. I-chromaticity okukhulunywe ngayo ekuhlaziyweni kwekhwalithi yamanzi ngokuvamile ibhekisela kumbala wangempela wamanzi, okungukuthi, ibhekisela kuphela kumbala okhiqizwa izinto ezincibilikisiwe kusampula yamanzi. Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokulinganisa, isampula yamanzi idinga ukucaciswa, i-centrifuged, noma ihlungwe nge-membrane yesihlungi engu-0.45 μm ukususa i-SS, kodwa iphepha lokuhlunga alikwazi ukusetshenziswa ngoba iphepha lokuhlunga lingakwazi ukudonsa ingxenye yombala wamanzi.
Umphumela okalwe kusampula yasekuqaleni ngaphandle kokuhlunga noma i-centrifugation umbala osobala wamanzi, okungukuthi, umbala okhiqizwa inhlanganisela yento emisiwe encibilikisiwe nengancibiliki. Ngokuvamile, umbala obonakalayo wamanzi awukwazi ukukalwa futhi ulinganiswe kusetshenziswa indlela ye-platinum-cobalt colorimetric ekala umbala wangempela. Izici ezinjengokujula, umbala, nokubonisa ngale kuvame ukuchazwa ngamagama, bese kukalwa kusetshenziswa indlela ye-dilution factor. Imiphumela elinganiswa kusetshenziswa indlela ye-platinum-cobalt colorimetric ngokuvamile ayiqhathaniseka namanani e-colorimetric akalwa kusetshenziswa indlela eminingi yokuhlanjululwa.
38.Iziphi izindlela zokukala umbala?
Kunezindlela ezimbili zokulinganisa i-colorimetry: i-platinum-cobalt colorimetry kanye ne-dilution multiple method (GB11903-1989). Lezi zindlela ezimbili kufanele zisetshenziswe ngokuzimela, futhi imiphumela elinganisiwe ngokuvamile ayinakuqhathaniswa. Indlela ye-platinum-cobalt colorimetric ifanele amanzi ahlanzekile, amanzi angcoliswe kancane kanye namanzi aphuzi kancane, kanye namanzi angaphezulu ahlanzekile ngokuqhathaniswa, amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, amanzi okuphuza kanye namanzi abuyiselwe, kanye namanzi asetshenziswe kabusha ngemva kokuthuthwa kwendle okuthuthukisiwe. Amanzi angcolile ezimbonini kanye namanzi angaphezulu angcoliswe kakhulu ngokuvamile asebenzisa indlela eningi yokuhlanjululwa ukuze anqume umbala wawo.
Indlela ye-platinum-cobalt colorimetric ithatha umbala ongu-1 mg we-Pt (IV) no-2 mg we-cobalt (II) chloride hexahydrate ku-1 L wamanzi njengeyunithi eyodwa evamile yombala, ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi idigri engu-1. Indlela yokulungiselela yeyunithi ye-colorimetric evamile iwukwengeza u-0.491mgK2PtCl6 kanye no-2.00mgCoCl2?6H2O ku-1L wamanzi, owaziwa nangokuthi i-platinum ne-cobalt standard. Ukuphinda kabili i-platinamu ne-ejenti evamile ye-cobalt kungathola amayunithi amaningi ajwayelekile we-colorimetric. Njengoba i-potassium chlorocobaltate ibiza, i-K2Cr2O7 ne-CoSO4?7H2O ngokuvamile zisetshenziselwa ukulungisa isisombululo esivamile se-colorimetric ngesilinganiso esithile kanye nezinyathelo zokusebenza. Lapho ukala umbala, qhathanisa isampula lamanzi elizokalwa ngochungechunge lwezixazululo ezijwayelekile zemibala ehlukene ukuze uthole umbala wesampula yamanzi.
Indlela ye-dilution factor ukuhlambulula isampula lamanzi ngamanzi acwebile kuze kube yilapho licishe lingabi nambala bese liwahambisa eshubhu le-colorimetric. Ukujula kombala kuqhathaniswa nokwamanzi ahlanzekile ngokubonakalayo obude bekholomu yoketshezi efanayo kungemuva elimhlophe. Uma kukhona umehluko otholakalayo, wuhlambulule futhi kuze kube yilapho umbala ungatholakali, isici sokuhlanjululwa kwesampula yamanzi ngalesi sikhathi inani elibonisa ukushuba kombala wamanzi, futhi iyunithi izikhathi.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Oct-19-2023
