51. Yiziphi izinkomba ezihlukahlukene ezibonisa izinto eziphilayo ezinobuthi neziyingozi emanzini?
Ngaphandle kwenani elincane lezinhlanganisela eziphilayo ezinobuthi neziyingozi ezindleleni ezivamile (njengamaphenol aguquguqukayo, njll.), eziningi zazo zinzima ukwehlisa i-biodegrade futhi ziyingozi kakhulu emzimbeni womuntu, njenge-petroleum, ama-anionic surfactants (LAS), I-organic Chlorine kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane ze-organophosphorus, i-polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), i-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), ama-polymers okwenziwa amangqamuzana aphezulu (njengamapulasitiki, irabha yokwenziwa, imicu yokwenziwa, njll.), amafutha nezinye izinto eziphilayo.
I-GB 8978-1996 ejwayelekile yokukhipha indle inemithetho eqinile mayelana nokugcwala kwendle equkethe izinto eziphilayo ezingenhla ezinobuthi neziyingozi ezilahlwa yizimboni ezihlukahlukene. Izinkomba ezithile zekhwalithi yamanzi zifaka i-benzo(a)pyrene, petroleum, volatile phenols, nezibulala-zinambuzane ze-organophosphorus (ezibalwe ngo-P ), i-tetrachloromethane, i-tetrachlorethylene, i-benzene, i-toluene, i-m-cresol nezinye izinto ezingu-36. Izimboni ezihlukene zinezinkomba ezihlukene zokuchithwa kwamanzi angcolile okudingeka zilawulwe. Ukuthi izinkomba zekhwalithi yamanzi ziyahlangabezana yini nezindinganiso zikazwelonke zokulahla kufanele ziqashwe ngokusekelwe ekubunjweni okukhethekile kwamanzi angcolile achithwa yimboni ngayinye.
52.Zingaki izinhlobo ze-phenolic compounds ezikhona emanzini?
I-Phenol iphuma ku-hydroxyl ye-benzene, neqembu layo le-hydroxyl elixhunywe ngqo neringi ye-benzene. Ngokwenani lamaqembu e-hydroxyl aqukethwe kwiringi ye-benzene, ingahlukaniswa ibe ama-uninity phenols (njenge-phenol) nama-polyphenols. Ngokuya ngokuthi ingashintshashintsha yini ngomhwamuko wamanzi, ihlukaniswe ibe yi-phenol eguquguqukayo ne-non-volatile phenol. Ngakho-ke, ama-phenol awabhekiseli kuphela ku-phenol, kodwa futhi ahlanganisa igama elijwayelekile lama-phenolate afakwe esikhundleni se-hydroxyl, i-halogen, i-nitro, i-carboxyl, njll. endaweni ye-ortho, meta kanye ne-para.
Izinhlanganisela ze-phenolic zibhekisela ku-benzene kanye nokuphuma kwayo kwe-hydroxyl ehlanganisiwe. Kunezinhlobo eziningi. Ngokuvamile kubhekwa ukuthi lawo anephuzu elibilayo elingaphansi kuka-230oC ama-phenol aguquguqukayo, kuyilapho lawo anephuzu elibilayo elingaphezu kuka-230oC angama-phenol angaguquki. Ama-phenol aguquguqukayo ezindinganisweni zekhwalithi yamanzi abhekisela ezinhlanganisela ze-phenolic ezingashintshashintsha kanye nomhwamuko wamanzi ngesikhathi sokucwiliswa emanzini.
53.Iziphi izindlela ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ukukala i-phenol eguquguqukayo?
Njengoba i-phenol eguquguqukayo iwuhlobo lwenhlanganisela esikhundleni senhlanganisela eyodwa, noma ngabe i-phenol isetshenziswa njengezinga elijwayelekile, imiphumela izohluka uma kusetshenziswa izindlela ezahlukene zokuhlaziya. Ukuze wenze imiphumela iqhathanise, indlela ehlanganisiwe eshiwo yizwe kufanele isetshenziswe. Izindlela zokulinganisa ezivame ukusetshenziswa ze-phenol eziguquguqukayo yi-4-aminoantipyrine spectrophotometry ecaciswe ku-GB 7490-87 kanye nomthamo we-bromination ocaciswe ku-GB 7491-87. Umthetho.
I-4–Indlela ye-Aminoantipyrine spectrophotometric inezici ezimbalwa zokuphazanyiswa kanye nokuzwela okuphezulu, futhi ifaneleka ukulinganisa amasampula amanzi ahlanzekile anokuqukethwe kwe-phenol okuguquguqukayo.<5mg>Indlela ye-bromination volumetric ilula futhi kulula ukuyisebenzisa, futhi ilungele ukunquma inani lama-phenol aguquguqukayo emanzini angcolile ezimboni> 10 mg/L noma ukungcola okuvela ezimbonini zokuhlanza amanzi angcolile. Isimiso esiyisisekelo siwukuthi esixazululweni esine-bromine eyeqile, i-phenol ne-bromine kukhiqiza i-tribromophenol, futhi kuqhubeke kukhiqize i-bromotribromophenol. I-bromine esele bese isabela ne-potassium iodide ukuze ikhiphe iodine yamahhala, kuyilapho i-bromotribromophenol ihlangana ne-potassium iodide ukwenza i-tribromophenol kanye ne-iodine yamahhala. I-iodine yamahhala ibe isihlanganiswa nesisombululo se-sodium thiosulfate, futhi okuqukethwe kwe-phenol okuguquguqukayo ngokwe-phenol kungabalwa ngokusekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwayo.
54. Yiziphi izinyathelo zokuphepha zokulinganisa i-phenol eguquguqukayo?
Njengoba i-oksijeni encibilikisiwe nezinye izinto eziphilayo kanye nama-microorganisms angakwazi ukukhipha noma ukubola ama-phenolic compounds, okwenza ama-phenolic compounds emanzini angazinzi kakhulu, indlela yokwengeza i-asidi (H3PO4) nokwehlisa izinga lokushisa ngokuvamile isetshenziselwa ukuvimbela isenzo se-microorganisms, kanye nokwanele okwanele. inani le-sulfuric acid liyengezwa. Indlela ye-ferrous iqeda imiphumela yama-oxidants. Ngisho noma lezi zinyathelo ezingenhla zithathwa, amasampula amanzi kufanele ahlaziywe futhi ahlolwe kungakapheli amahora angama-24, futhi amasampula amanzi kufanele agcinwe emabhodleleni engilazi kuneziqukathi zepulasitiki.
Kungakhathaliseki indlela ye-bromination volumetric noma indlela ye-4-aminoantipyrine spectrophotometric, lapho isampula yamanzi iqukethe izinto ezixubile noma ezinciphisayo, ama-ion ensimbi, ama-amine anuka kamnandi, amafutha nama-tars, njll., kuzoba nomthelela ekunembeni kwesilinganiso. ukuphazamiseka, izinyathelo ezidingekayo kufanele zithathwe ukuze kuqedwe imiphumela yako. Isibonelo, ama-oxidants angasuswa ngokungeza i-ferrous sulfate noma i-sodium arsenite, ama-sulfide angasuswa ngokungeza i-copper sulfate ngaphansi kwezimo ze-acidic, uwoyela kanye netiyela kungasuswa ngokukhipha nokuhlukaniswa ngama-solvents e-organic ngaphansi kwezimo eziqinile ze-alkali. Izinto ezinciphisayo ezifana ne-sulfate ne-formaldehyde zikhishwa ngokuzikhipha ngezincibilikisi eziphilayo ngaphansi kwezimo ezine-asidi futhi zishiye izinto ezinciphisayo emanzini. Lapho uhlaziya indle ngesakhi esilinganiselwe, ngemuva kokuqongelela isikhathi esithile sokuhlangenwe nakho, izinhlobo zezinto eziphazamisayo zingacaciswa, bese izinhlobo zezinto eziphazamisayo zingaqedwa ngokukhula noma ukuncipha, futhi izinyathelo zokuhlaziya zingenziwa lula kakhulu. ngangokunokwenzeka.
Ukusebenza kwe-distillation kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile ekunqumeni i-phenol eguquguqukayo. Ukuze kuhwamuke ngokuphelele i-phenol eguquguqukayo, inani le-pH lesampula ezogaywa kufanele lilungiswe libe cishe ku-4 (ububanzi bokushintsha umbala be-methyl orange). Ukwengeza, njengoba inqubo ye-volatilization ye-phenol eguquguqukayo ihamba kancane, ivolumu ye-distillate eqoqiwe kufanele ilingane nevolumu yesampula yokuqala okufanele ifakwe, ngaphandle kwalokho imiphumela yokulinganisa izothinteka. Uma i-distillate itholakala imhlophe futhi i-turbid, kufanele ihwamuke futhi ngaphansi kwezimo ezine-asidi. Uma i-distillate isemhlophe futhi i-turbid okwesibili, kungase kube ukuthi kukhona amafutha netiyela kusampula yamanzi, futhi ukwelashwa okuhambisanayo kufanele kwenziwe.
Isamba senani elikalwa kusetshenziswa indlela ye-bromination volumetric yinani elihlobene, futhi izimo zokusebenza ezicaciswe izindinganiso zikazwelonke kufanele zilandelwe ngokuqinile, okuhlanganisa nenani loketshezi olungeziwe, izinga lokushisa lokusabela nesikhathi, njll. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-tribromophenol precipitates ihlanganisa kalula i-I2, ngakho-ke kufanele inyakaziswe ngamandla lapho isondela endaweni ye-titration.
55. Yiziphi izinyathelo zokuphepha zokusebenzisa i-4-aminoantipyrine spectrophotometry ukuze kunqunywe ama-phenols aguquguqukayo?
Uma usebenzisa i-spectrophotometry ye-4-aminoantipyrine (4-AAP), yonke imisebenzi kufanele yenziwe ku-fume hood, futhi ukudonsa ngomshini kwe-fume hood kufanele kusetshenziselwe ukuqeda imiphumela emibi ye-benzene enobuthi ku-opharetha. .
Ukwenyuka kwenani elingenalutho le-reagent ikakhulukazi ngenxa yezinto ezinjengokungcoliswa kwamanzi acwengekile, i-glassware namanye amadivaysi okuhlola, kanye nokushintshashintsha kwe-solvent ekhishwayo ngenxa yokukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa legumbi, futhi kubangelwa ikakhulukazi i-reagent engu-4-AAP. , ejwayele ukumuncwa umswakama, i-caking kanye ne-oxidation. , ngakho-ke izinyathelo ezidingekayo kufanele zithathwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhlanzeka kwe-4-AAP. Ukuthuthukiswa kombala kokusabela kuthinteka kalula ngenani le-pH, futhi inani le-pH lesisombululo sokusabela kufanele lilawulwe ngokuqinile phakathi kuka-9.8 no-10.2.
Isixazululo esijwayelekile se-dilute se-phenol asizinzile. Isixazululo esijwayelekile esiqukethe i-1 mg phenol per ml kufanele sibekwe esiqandisini futhi asikwazi ukusetshenziswa izinsuku ezingaphezu kwezingama-30. Isixazululo esijwayelekile esiqukethe i-10 μg phenol per ml kufanele sisetshenziswe ngosuku lokulungiselela. Isixazululo esijwayelekile esiqukethe i-1 μg phenol nge-ml kufanele sisetshenziswe ngemuva kokulungiselela. Sebenzisa phakathi namahora angu-2.
Qiniseka ukuthi ungeza ama-reagents ngokulandelana kwezinqubo ezijwayelekile zokusebenza, futhi unyakazise kahle ngemuva kokwengeza i-reagent ngayinye. Uma isigcinalwazi singanyakaziswanga ngokulinganayo ngemva kokusingeza, ukugxila kwe-ammonia esixazululweni sokuhlola ngeke kulingane, okuzothinta ukusabela. I-ammonia engcolile ingakhuphula inani elingenalutho izikhathi ezingaphezu kweziyi-10. Uma i-ammonia ingasetshenziswa isikhathi eside ngemuva kokuvula ibhodlela, kufanele i-distilled ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa.
Udayi obomvu okhiqiziwe we-aminoantipyrine uzinzile kuphela imizuzu engaba ngu-30 esixukwini esinamanzi, futhi singazinza amahora ama-4 ngemva kokukhishwa ku-chloroform. Uma isikhathi siside kakhulu, umbala uzoshintsha usuka obomvu uye ophuzi. Uma umbala ongenalutho umnyama kakhulu ngenxa yokungahlanzeki kwe-4-aminoantipyrine, isilinganiso se-wavelength esingu-490nm singasetshenziswa ukuthuthukisa ukunemba kokulinganisa. 4–Lapho i-aminoantibi ingcolile, ingancibilika ku-methanol, bese ihlungwa futhi ifakwe kabusha ngekhabhoni ecushiwe ukuze iyicwenge.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Nov-23-2023
