19. Zingaki izindlela zokuhlanjululwa kwesampula yamanzi ezikhona lapho kulinganiswa i-BOD5? Yiziphi izinyathelo zokuphepha zokusebenza?
Lapho ukala i-BOD5, izindlela zokuhlanjululwa kwesampula yamanzi zihlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo ezimbili: indlela yokuhlanjululwa evamile kanye nendlela yokuhlanza eqondile. Indlela yokuhlanza evamile idinga inani elikhulu lamanzi ahlanjululwayo noma amanzi okuhlanjululwa kwe-inoculation.
Indlela evamile yokuhlanjululwa iwukwengeza cishe u-500mL wamanzi ahlanjululweyo noma amanzi okuhlanjululwa kwe-inoculation kusilinda esineziqu ezingu-1L noma ezingu-2L, bese wengeza umthamo othile obaliwe wesampula wamanzi, wengeze amanzi amaningi ahlanjululwe noma amanzi okuhlanjululwa kwesitofu esikalini esigcwele, bese usebenzisa irabha ekugcineni kuya Induku yengilazi eyindilinga inyakaziswa kancane phezulu noma phansi ngaphansi kwamanzi. Okokugcina, sebenzisa i-siphon ukwethula isisombululo sesampula samanzi esixutshwe ngokulinganayo ebhodleleni lesiko, uligcwalise ngokuchichima okuncane, uvale ngokucophelela isivalo sebhodlela, bese usivala ngamanzi. Umlomo webhodlela. Kumasampula amanzi anesilinganiso sesibili noma sesithathu sokuhlanjululwa, isisombululo esisele esixubile singasetshenziswa. Ngemuva kokubala, inani elithile lamanzi ahlanjululwayo noma amanzi ahlanjululwayo afakwe emanzini angafakwa, ahlanganiswe futhi afakwe ebhodleleni lesiko ngendlela efanayo.
Indlela yokuhlanza eqondile eyokuqala yethule cishe uhhafu wevolumu yamanzi e-dilution noma amanzi e-inoculation dilution ebhodleleni lesiko levolumu eyaziwayo ngokuphonswa, bese ujova umthamo wesampula wamanzi okufanele wengezwe ebhodleleni ngalinye lesiko elibalwa ngokusekelwe ekuhlanjululweni. isici eduze kodonga lwamabhodlela. , bese wethula amanzi ahlanjululwayo noma faka amanzi okuhlanjululwa ebhodleleni, uvale ngokucophelela isivalo sebhodlela, bese uvala umlomo webhodlela ngamanzi.
Uma usebenzisa indlela yokuhlanza eqondile, ukunakwa okukhethekile kufanele kukhokhwe ekungangenisi amanzi e-dilution noma ukujova amanzi okuphuza ngokushesha ekugcineni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuyadingeka ukuhlola imithetho yokusebenza yokwethula umthamo ophelele ukuze ugweme amaphutha abangelwa ukuchichima ngokweqile.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyiphi indlela esetshenziswayo, lapho kwethulwa isampula lamanzi ebhodleleni lesiko, isenzo kufanele sibe mnene ukugwema amabhamuza, ukuncibilika komoya emanzini noma ukuphuma komoyampilo emanzini. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, qiniseka ukuthi uyaqaphela lapho uvala ibhodlela ngokuqinile ukuze ugweme amabhamuza omoya asele ebhodleleni, okungase kuthinte imiphumela yokulinganisa. Lapho ibhodlela lesiko likhuliswa ku-incubator, uphawu lwamanzi kufanele luhlolwe nsuku zonke futhi lugcwaliswe ngamanzi ngesikhathi ukuze kuvinjelwe amanzi okuvalwa ukuba ahwamuke futhi avumele umoya ukungena ebhodleleni. Ukwengeza, umthamo wamabhodlela amasiko amabili asetshenziswe ngaphambi nangemva kwezinsuku ezi-5 kufanele afane ukuze kuncishiswe amaphutha.
20. Yiziphi izinkinga ezingase ziphakame lapho kulinganiswa i-BOD5?
Uma i-BOD5 ikalwa emanzini angcolile esistimu yokuhlanza indle ene-nitrification, njengoba iqukethe amabhaktheriya amaningi ane-nitrifying, imiphumela yokulinganisa ihlanganisa isidingo somoya-mpilo sezinto eziqukethe i-nitrogen njenge-ammonia nitrogen. Uma kudingekile ukuhlukanisa isidingo somoya-mpilo wezinto ze-carbonaceous kanye nesidingo somoya-mpilo wezinto ezine-nitrogen kumasampuli wamanzi, indlela yokwengeza ama-nitrification inhibitors emanzini okuhlanjululwa ingasetshenziswa ukuqeda i-nitrification phakathi nenqubo yokunquma ye-BOD5. Isibonelo, ukwengeza i-10mg 2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl)pyridine noma 10mg propenyl thiourea, njll.
I-BOD5/CODCr isondele ku-1 noma inkulu kuno-1, okuvame ukukhombisa ukuthi kukhona iphutha kunqubo yokuhlola. Isixhumanisi ngasinye sokuhlola kufanele sibuyekezwe, futhi kuqashelwe ngokukhethekile ukuthi isampula lamanzi lithathwa ngokulinganayo yini. Kungase kube yinto evamile ukuthi i-BOD5/CODMn isondele ku-1 noma ibe ngaphezu kokungu-1, ngenxa yokuthi izinga le-oxidation lezinto eziphilayo kumasampula amanzi nge-potassium permanganate liphansi kakhulu kunele-potassium dichromate. Inani le-CODMn lesampula lamanzi elifanayo ngezinye izikhathi liphansi kunevelu ye-CODCr. Okuningi kwe.
Uma kunento evamile yokuthi lapho i-dilution factor inkulu futhi inani le-BOD5 liphakeme, isizathu ngokuvamile siwukuthi isampula yamanzi iqukethe izinto ezivimbela ukukhula nokukhiqizwa kabusha kwama-microorganisms. Uma i-dilution factor iphansi, ingxenye yezinto ezivimbelayo eziqukethwe kusampula yamanzi inkulu, okwenza kungenzeki ngamabhaktheriya ukwenza ukubola okusebenzayo kwe-biodegradation, okuholela emiphumeleni ephansi yokulinganisa i-BOD5. Ngalesi sikhathi, izingxenye ezithile noma izimbangela zezinto ezilwa namagciwane kufanele zitholakale, futhi ukwelashwa okuphumelelayo kufanele kwenziwe ukuze kuqedwe noma kufihlwe ngaphambi kokulinganisa.
Uma i-BOD5/CODCr iphansi, njengaphansi kuka-0.2 noma ngisho nangaphansi kuka-0.1, uma isampula lamanzi elilinganisiwe lingamanzi angcolile embonini, kungenzeka kungenxa yokuthi i-organic matter kusampula yamanzi inokuwohloka kwemvelo okubi. Kodwa-ke, uma isampula lamanzi elilinganisiwe liyindle yasemadolobheni noma lixutshwe namanzi angcolile athile e-Industrial, okuyingxenye yendle yasekhaya, akukhona nje ukuthi isampula yamanzi iqukethe izinto ezinobuthi obumakhemikhali noma ama-antibiotics, kodwa izizathu ezivame kakhulu inani le-pH elingathathi hlangothi. kanye nokuba khona kwensalela ye-chlorine fungicides. Ukuze ugweme amaphutha, phakathi nenqubo yokulinganisa ye-BOD5, amanani e-pH esampula yamanzi kanye namanzi okuhlanjululwa kufanele alungiswe abe ngu-7 no-7.2 ngokulandelanayo. Ukuhlolwa okuvamile kufanele kwenziwe kumasampula amanzi angase aqukathe ama-oxidants njenge-residual chlorine.
21. Yiziphi izinkomba ezikhombisa umsoco wezitshalo emanzini angcolile?
Izakhi zezitshalo zihlanganisa i-nitrogen, i-phosphorus nezinye izinto ezidingekayo ekukhuleni nasekuthuthukisweni kwezitshalo. Umsoco ophakathi ungakhuthaza ukukhula kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nama-microorganisms. Izakhi zezitshalo ezidlulele ezingena emzimbeni wamanzi zizokwenza ukuthi i-algae yande emanzini, okuholela kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi "i-eutrophication", okuzoqhubekisela phambili ukuwohloka kwekhwalithi yamanzi, kuthinte ukukhiqizwa kwezinhlanzi nokulimaza impilo yabantu. I-eutrophication enzima yamachibi angashoni kungaholela echibini lokufafaza nokufa.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izakhi zezitshalo ziyizingxenye ezibalulekile zokukhula nokukhiqizwa kabusha kwama-microorganisms ku-sludge ecushiwe, futhi iyisici esiyinhloko esihlobene nokusebenza okuvamile kwenqubo yokwelapha yezinto eziphilayo. Ngakho-ke, izinkomba zezitshalo zezitshalo emanzini zisetshenziswa njengenkomba ebalulekile yokulawula emisebenzini evamile yokuhlanza indle.
Izinkomba zezinga lamanzi ezikhombisa imisoco yezitshalo emanzini angcolile ikakhulukazi izinhlanganisela ze-nitrogen (njenge-nitrogen ephilayo, i-ammonia nitrogen, i-nitrite ne-nitrate, njll.) kanye nezinhlanganisela ze-phosphorus (njengengqikithi ye-phosphorus, i-phosphate, njll.). Emisebenzini evamile yokuhlanza indle, ngokuvamile i-Monitor ammonia nitrogen ne-phosphate emanzini angenayo naphumayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuwukugcina ukusebenza okuvamile kokwelashwa kwebhayoloji, futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuwukubona ukuthi ukungcola kuyahlangabezana yini nezindinganiso zikazwelonke zokulahla.
22. Yiziphi izinkomba zekhwalithi zamanzi zezinhlanganisela ze-nitrogen ezivame ukusetshenziswa? Zihlobene kanjani?
Izinkomba zekhwalithi yamanzi ezivame ukusetshenziswa ezimele izinhlanganisela ze-nitrogen emanzini zihlanganisa ingqikithi ye-nitrogen, i-Kjeldahl nitrogen, i-ammonia nitrogen, i-nitrite ne-nitrate.
I-ammonia nitrogen iyi-nitrogen ekhona ngesimo se-NH3 ne-NH4+ emanzini. Iwumkhiqizo wesinyathelo sokuqala sokubola kwe-oxidative ye-organic nitrogen compounds futhi kuwuphawu lokungcoliswa kwamanzi. I-ammonia nitrogen ingafakwa i-oxidized ibe yi-nitrite (evezwe njenge-NO2-) ngaphansi kwesenzo sebhaktheriya ye-nitrite, futhi i-nitrite ingafakwa nge-oxidized ibe yi-nitrate (evezwa njenge-NO3-) ngaphansi kwesenzo se-nitrate bacteria. I-Nitrate nayo ingancishiswa ibe yi-nitrite ngaphansi kwesenzo sama-microorganisms endaweni engenawo umoya-mpilo. Lapho i-nitrogen emanzini ngokuyinhloko isesimweni se-nitrate, ingabonisa ukuthi okuqukethwe kwezinto eziphilayo eziqukethe i-nitrogen emanzini kuncane kakhulu futhi umzimba wamanzi usufinyelele ukuzihlanza.
Isamba se-organic nitrogen ne-ammonia nitrogen singakalwa kusetshenziswa indlela ye-Kjeldahl (GB 11891–89). Okuqukethwe kwe-nitrogen kwamasampula amanzi akalwa ngendlela ye-Kjeldahl kuphinde kuthiwe i-Kjeldahl nitrogen, ngakho-ke i-Kjeldahl nitrogen eyaziwa kakhulu i-ammonia nitrogen. kanye ne-nitrogen ephilayo. Ngemva kokukhipha i-ammonia nitrogen kusampula yamanzi, bese ikalwa ngendlela ye-Kjeldahl. Inani elilinganisiwe yi-nitrogen ephilayo. Uma i-Kjeldahl nitrogen ne-ammonia nitrogen ikalwa ngokuhlukana kumasampula amanzi, umehluko futhi i-organic nitrogen. I-Kjeldahl nitrogen ingasetshenziswa njengenkomba yokulawula okuqukethwe kwe-nitrogen emanzini angenayo emishini yokuhlanza indle, futhi ingasetshenziswa njengenkomba yereferensi yokulawula i-eutrophication yemithombo yamanzi yemvelo efana nemifula, amachibi nezilwandle.
Ingqikithi ye-nitrogen iyisamba se-nitrogen ephilayo, i-ammonia nitrogen, i-nitrite nitrogen ne-nitrate nitrogen emanzini, okuyisamba se-Kjeldahl nitrogen kanye nengqikithi ye-oxide nitrogen. Ingqikithi ye-nitrogen, i-nitrite nitrogen ne-nitrate nitrogen konke kungalinganiswa kusetshenziswa i-spectrophotometry. Ukuze uthole indlela yokuhlaziya ye-nitrite nitrogen, bheka i-GB7493-87, ukuze uthole indlela yokuhlaziya ye-nitrate nitrogen, bheka i-GB7480-87, kanye nenani lendlela yokuhlaziya i-nitrogen, bheka i-GB 11894- -89. Ingqikithi ye-nitrogen imelela isamba sezinhlanganisela ze-nitrogen emanzini. Kuyinkomba ebalulekile yokulawulwa kokungcoliswa kwamanzi emvelo kanye nepharamitha yokulawula ebalulekile ohlelweni lokuhlanza indle.
23. Yiziphi izinyathelo zokuphepha zokulinganisa i-ammonia nitrogen?
Izindlela ezivame ukusetshenziswa zokunquma i-ammonia nitrogen izindlela ze-colorimetric, okuyi-Nessler's reagent colorimetric method (GB 7479–87) kanye nendlela ye-salicylic acid-hypochlorite (GB 7481–87). Amasampula amanzi angalondolozwa ngokufakwa kwe-asidi nge-concentrated sulfuric acid. Indlela eqondile ukusebenzisa i-sulfuric acid egxilile ukulungisa inani le-pH lesampula lamanzi libe phakathi kuka-1.5 no-2, futhi ligcinwe endaweni engu-4oC. Ukugxiliswa kokutholwa okuncane kwendlela ye-Nessler reagent colorimetric kanye nendlela ye-salicylic acid-hypochlorite ingu-0.05mg/L no-0.01mg/L (kubalwe ngo-N) ngokulandelanayo. Uma ukala amasampula amanzi ngokugxila ngaphezu kuka-0.2mg/L Uma , indlela ye-volumetric (CJ/T75–1999) ingasetshenziswa. Ukuze kutholwe imiphumela enembile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyiphi indlela yokuhlaziya esetshenziswayo, isampula lamanzi kufanele ligaywe ngaphambili lapho likala i-ammonia nitrogen.
Inani le-pH lamasampula amanzi linethonya elikhulu ekunqumeni i-ammonia. Uma inani le-pH liphezulu kakhulu, ezinye izinhlanganisela eziphilayo eziqukethe i-nitrogen zizoguqulwa zibe i-ammonia. Uma inani le-pH liphansi kakhulu, ingxenye ye-ammonia izohlala emanzini ngesikhathi sokushisisa nokucwiliswa. Ukuze uthole imiphumela enembile, isampula yamanzi kufanele ilungiswe ukuze ingathathi hlangothi ngaphambi kokuhlaziywa. Uma isampula lamanzi line-asidi kakhulu noma line-alkaline, inani le-pH lingashintshwa libe maphakathi nesisombululo se-sodium hydroxide esingu-1mol/L noma isixazululo esingu-1mol/L se-sulfuric acid. Bese wengeza isisombululo se-phosphate buffer ukuze ugcine inani le-pH liku-7.4, bese wenza i-distillation. Ngemva kokushisa, i-ammonia iyahwamuka emanzini esimweni esinegesi. Ngalesi sikhathi, 0.01~0.02mol/L dilute sulfuric acid (indlela ye-phenol-hypochlorite) noma u-2% we-dilute boric acid (indlela ye-Nessler's reagent) isetshenziselwa ukuyimunca.
Kwamanye amasampula amanzi anokuqukethwe kwe-Ca2+ enkulu, ngemva kokwengeza isisombululo sebhafa se-phosphate, i-Ca2+ ne-PO43- khiqiza i-Ca3(PO43-)2 engancibilikiyo futhi ikhulula i-H+ ku-phosphate, eyehlisa inani le-pH. Ngokusobala, amanye ama-Ions angana nge-phosphate nawo angathinta inani le-pH lamasampula amanzi ngesikhathi sokushiswa kwe-distillation. Ngamanye amazwi, kusampula lamanzi elinjalo, ngisho noma inani le-pH lilungiswa ukuze libe phakathi nendawo futhi kungezwe isisombululo sebhafa se-phosphate, inani le-pH lisazoba ngaphansi kakhulu kunenani elilindelekile. Ngakho-ke, kumasampula amanzi angaziwa, phinda ulinganise inani le-pH ngemva kokukhishwa kwe-distillation. Uma inani le-pH lingekho phakathi kuka-7.2 no-7.6, inani lesixazululo sebhafa kufanele lenyuswe. Ngokuvamile, u-10 ml wesisombululo se-phosphate buffer kufanele wengezwe kuwo wonke ama-250 mg we-calcium.
24. Yiziphi izinkomba zekhwalithi yamanzi ezibonisa okuqukethwe kwe-phosphorus-container compounds emanzini? Bahlobene kanjani?
I-Phosphorus ingenye yezinto ezidingekayo ekukhuleni kwezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini. Iningi le-phosphorus emanzini likhona ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene ze-phosphates, kanti inani elincane likhona ngesimo se-organic phosphorus compounds. I-Phosphates emanzini ingahlukaniswa izigaba ezimbili: i-orthophosphate ne-condensed phosphate. I-Orthophosphate ibhekisela kuma-phosphates akhona ngendlela ye-PO43-, HPO42-, H2PO4-, njll., kuyilapho i-phosphate ehlanganisiwe ihlanganisa i-pyrophosphate ne-metaphosphoric acid. Usawoti kanye nama-polymeric phosphates, afana ne-P2O74-, P3O105-, HP3O92-, (PO3)63-, njll. Izinhlanganisela ze-Organophosphorus ikakhulukazi zihlanganisa ama-phosphates, ama-phosphites, ama-pyrophosphates, ama-hypophosphites nama-amine phosphates. Isamba se-phosphates ne-organic phosphorus sibizwa ngokuthi i-phosphorus isiyonke futhi iyinkomba ebalulekile yekhwalithi yamanzi.
Indlela yokuhlaziya ye-phosphorus isiyonke (bona i-GB 11893–89 ukuze uthole izindlela ezithile) iqukethe izinyathelo ezimbili eziyisisekelo. Isinyathelo sokuqala siwukusebenzisa ama-oxidants ukuguqula izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-phosphorus kusampula yamanzi zibe ama-phosphates. Isinyathelo sesibili ukukala i-orthophosphate, bese uhlehla Bala inani eliphelele le-phosphorus. Ngesikhathi sokusebenza okujwayelekile kokuhlanza indle, okuqukethwe kwe-phosphate endle engena emshinini wokuhlanza amakhemikhali e-biochemical kanye namanzi angcolile ethangi lesibili le-sedimentation kufanele kuqashelwe futhi kukalwe. Uma okuqukethwe kwe-phosphate emanzini angenayo kunganele, inani elithile likamanyolo we-phosphate kufanele lengezwe ukuze lingezelele; uma okuqukethwe kwe-phosphate kumanzi angcolile ethangi le-sedimentation lesibili kudlula izinga lokuphuma likazwelonke lezinga lokuqala elingu-0.5mg/L, izinyathelo zokususa i-phosphorus kufanele zicatshangelwe.
25. Yiziphi izinyathelo zokuphepha zokunqunywa kwe-phosphate?
Indlela yokulinganisa i-phosphate iwukuthi ngaphansi kwezimo ezine-asidi, i-phosphate ne-ammonium molybdate ikhiqiza i-phosphomolybdenum heteropoly acid, eyehliswa ibe inkimbinkimbi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (okubizwa ngokuthi i-molybdenum blue) kusetshenziswa i-ejenti yokunciphisa i-stannous chloride noma i-ascorbic acid. Indlela ye-CJ/T78–1999), ungasebenzisa futhi uphethiloli we-alkaline ukuze ukhiqize izakhiwo ezinemibala yezingxenye eziningi zokulinganisa okuqondile kwe-spectrophotometric.
Amasampula amanzi aqukethe i-phosphorus awazinzile futhi ahlaziywa kangcono ngokushesha ngemva kokuqoqwa. Uma ukuhlaziya kungeke kwenzeke ngokushesha, engeza u-40 mg we-mercury chloride noma u-1 mL we-sulfuric acid egxilile ilitha ngalinye lesampula lamanzi ukuze agcinwe, bese uwagcina ebhodleleni lengilazi elinsundu bese ulibeka esiqandisini esingu-4oC. Uma isampula lamanzi lisetshenziselwa ukuhlaziya i-phosphorus isiyonke, akukho ukwelashwa okulondoloziwe okudingekayo.
Njengoba i-phosphate ingakhangiswa ezindongeni zamabhodlela epulasitiki, amabhodlela epulasitiki ngeke asetshenziselwe ukugcina amasampula amanzi. Wonke amabhodlela engilazi asetshenzisiwe kufanele ahlanjululwe nge-dilute hot hydrochloric acid noma i-nitric acid ehlanjululwe, bese ihlanjululwa kaningi ngamanzi acwecwe.
26. Yiziphi izinkomba ezihlukahlukene ezibonisa okuqukethwe kwento eqinile emanzini?
Izinto eziqinile emanzini angcolile zihlanganisa izinto ezintantayo phezu kwamanzi, izinto ezilenga emanzini, izinto ezincibilikayo ezishona phansi kanye nezinto eziqinile ezincibilika emanzini. Izinto ezintantayo izingcezu ezinkulu noma izinhlayiya ezinkulu zokungcola ezintanta phezu kwamanzi futhi zibe nokuminyana okungaphansi kwamanzi. Udaba olumisiwe ukungcola okuyizinhlayiyana ezincane ezilengiswe emanzini. I-Sedimentable matter ukungcola okungahlala phansi emanzini ngemva kwesikhathi esithile. Cishe yonke indle iqukethe izinto ezidakayo ezinokwakheka okuyinkimbinkimbi. I-sedimentable matter eyakhiwe ngokuyinhloko yi-organic matter ibizwa ngokuthi i-sludge, kanti i-sedimentable matter eyakhiwe ngokuyinhloko yi-inorganic matter ibizwa ngokuthi izinsalela. Izinto ezintantayo ngokuvamile kunzima ukuzibala, kodwa ezinye izinto ezimbalwa eziqinile zingakalwa kusetshenziswa izinkomba ezilandelayo.
Inkomba ekhombisa ingqikithi yokuqukethwe okuqinile emanzini ukuqina okuphelele, noma okuqinile okuphelele. Ngokuvumelana nokuncibilika kwezinto eziqinile emanzini, okuqinile okuphelele kungahlukaniswa kube okuqinile okuncibilikisiwe (I-Dissolved Solid, efushanisiwe ngokuthi i-DS) kanye nezinto eziqinile ezimisiwe (Suspend Solid, esifushanisiwe njenge-SS). Ngokuvumelana nezimo eziguquguqukayo zezinto eziqinile emanzini, okuqinile okuphelele kungahlukaniswa kube okuqinile okuguquguqukayo (VS) kanye nokuqinile okungaguquki (FS, ebizwa nangokuthi umlotha). Phakathi kwazo, okuqinile okuncibilikisiwe (DS) nezinto eziqinile ezimisiwe (SS) zingaphinde zihlukaniswe zibe izinto eziqinile ezincibilikisiwe ezingaguquguquki, okuqinile okuncibilikisiwe okuguquguqukayo, okuqinile okumisiwe okungaguquki nezinye izinkomba.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Sep-28-2023
