62.Iziphi izindlela zokukala i-cyanide?
Izindlela zokuhlaziya ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ze-cyanide yi-volumetric titration ne-spectrophotometry. I-GB7486-87 ne-GB7487-87 ngokulandelanayo icacisa izindlela zokunquma zenani le-cyanide ne-cyanide. Indlela ye-volumetric titration ifaneleka ekuhlaziyweni kwamasampula amanzi e-cyanide aphezulu, anebanga lokulinganisa lika-1 kuya ku-100 mg/L; indlela ye-spectrophotometric ihlanganisa indlela ye-isonicotinic acid-pyrazolone colorimetric kanye nendlela ye-arsine-barbituric acid colorimetric. Ilungele ukuhlaziya amasampula amanzi e-cyanide ane-concentration ephansi, nebanga lokulinganisa elingu-0.004~0.25mg/L.
Umgomo we-volumetric titration ukuncibilika ngesisombululo esijwayelekile sesiliva se-nitrate. I-cyanide ions nesiliva nitrate zikhiqiza ama-ion ayinkimbinkimbi esiliva e-cyanide. Ama-ion esiliva engeziwe asabela ngesisombululo senkomba ye-silver chloride, futhi isixazululo siyashintsha sisuka kophuzi sibebomvu ngokusawolintshi. Umgomo we-spectrophotometry ukuthi ngaphansi kwezimo ezingathathi hlangothi, i-cyanide ihlangana ne-chloramine T ukuze yakhe i-cyanogen chloride, ebuye ihlangane ne-apyridine yakhe i-glutenedialdehyde, ehlangana ne-apyridinone noma i-barbine I-Tomic acid ikhiqiza udayi oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma obomvu-nsomi, kanye nokujula kombala. umbala ulingana nokuqukethwe kwe-cyanide.
Kunezici ezithile zokuphazamiseka kukho kokubili izilinganiso ze-titration ne-spectrophotometry, futhi izinyathelo zokwelapha ngaphambi kwesikhathi ezifana nokwengeza amakhemikhali athile kanye ne-pre-distillation ngokuvamile kuyadingeka. Lapho ukuhlangana kwezinto eziphazamisayo kungekukhulu kakhulu, inhloso ingafinyelelwa kuphela ngokufakwa kwangaphambili kwe-distillation.
63. Yiziphi izinyathelo zokuphepha zokulinganisa i-cyanide?
⑴I-Cyanide inobuthi obuphezulu, futhi i-arsenic nayo inobuthi. Ukuqapha okwengeziwe kufanele kusetshenziswe ngesikhathi sokuhlinzwa, futhi kufanele kwenziwe ku-fume hood ukugwema ukungcoliswa kwesikhumba namehlo. Lapho ukuhlangana kwezinto eziphazamisayo kusampula yamanzi kungenkulu kakhulu, i-cyanide elula iguqulwa ibe i-hydrogen cyanide futhi ikhishwe emanzini ngokusebenzisa i-pre-distillation ngaphansi kwezimo ezine-acidic, bese iqoqwa ngesisombululo sokugeza i-sodium hydroxide, bese kuba lula. I-cyanide iguqulwa ibe yi-hydrogen cyanide. Hlukanisa i-cyanide elula ne-cyanide eyinkimbinkimbi, khulisa ukugxila kwe-cyanide futhi unciphise umkhawulo wokutholwa.
⑵ Uma ukuhlangana kwezinto eziphazamisayo kumasampuli wamanzi kukukhulu, izinyathelo ezifanele kufanele zithathwe kuqala ukuze kuqedwe imiphumela yazo. Ukuba khona kwama-oxidants kuzobola i-cyanide. Uma usola ukuthi kukhona ama-oxidants emanzini, ungangeza inani elifanele le-sodium thiosulfate ukuze uqede ukuphazamiseka kwayo. Amasampula amanzi kufanele agcinwe emabhodleleni e-polyethylene futhi ahlaziywe kungakapheli amahora angama-24 ngemuva kokuqoqwa. Uma kunesidingo, i-sodium hydroxide eqinile noma isisombululo se-sodium hydroxide egxilile kufanele sengezwe ukuze kwandiswe inani le-pH lesampula lamanzi libe ngu-12~12.5.
⑶ Ngesikhathi sokukhishwa kwe-acidic, i-sulfide ingahwamuka ibe yi-hydrogen sulfide futhi imuncwe uketshezi lwe-alkali, ngakho kufanele isuswe kusenesikhathi. Kunezindlela ezimbili zokususa isulfure. Enye iwukwengeza i-oxidant engakwazi ukwenza i-CN- (efana ne-potassium permanganate) ngaphansi kwezimo ezine-acidic ukuze i-oxidize i-S2- bese iyihlakaza; enye iwukwengeza inani elifanele le-CdCO3 noma i-CbCO3 powder eqinile ukuze kukhiqizwe insimbi. I-sulfide iyancipha, futhi i-precipitate iyahlungwa bese i-distilled.
⑷Ngesikhathi sokucwiliswa kwe-asidi, izinto ezinamafutha zingahwamuka. Ngalesi sikhathi, ungasebenzisa (1+9) i-acetic acid ukuze ulungise inani le-pH lesampula lamanzi libe ngu-6~7, bese wengeza ngokushesha u-20% wevolumu yesampula yamanzi ku-hexane noma i-chloroform. Khipha (hhayi izikhathi eziningi), bese usebenzisa ngokushesha isisombululo se-sodium hydroxide ukuze ukhuphule inani le-pH lesampula lamanzi libe ngu-12~12.5 bese u-distill.
⑸ Ngesikhathi sokukhishwa kwe-acidic yamasampula amanzi aqukethe ukugxila okuphezulu kwe-carbonates, i-carbon dioxide izokhishwa futhi iqoqwe yisisombululo sokugeza i-sodium hydroxide, okuthinta imiphumela yokulinganisa. Lapho uhlangabezana nendle ye-carbonate ene-concentration ephezulu, i-calcium hydroxide ingasetshenziswa esikhundleni se-sodium hydroxide ukulungisa isampula lamanzi, ukuze inani le-pH lesampula lamanzi lenyuke libe ngu-12 ~ 12.5 futhi ngemva kokuna kwezulu, i-supernatant ithululelwa ebhodleleni lesampula. .
⑹ Uma ukala i-cyanide usebenzisa i-photometry, inani le-pH lesisombululo sokusabela lithinta ngokuqondile inani lokumunca lombala. Ngakho-ke, ukugcwala kwe-alkali kwesisombululo sokumuncwa kufanele kulawulwe ngokuqinile futhi umthamo we-buffer we-phosphate buffer kufanele unakwe. Ngemuva kokwengeza inani elithile le-buffer, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuze kunqunywe ukuthi izinga le-pH elilungile lingafinyelelwa yini. Ukwengeza, ngemva kokulungiswa kwebhafa ye-phosphate, inani layo le-pH kufanele likalwe ngemitha ye-pH ukuze kubonakale ukuthi liyahlangabezana yini nezidingo zokugwema ukuchezuka okukhulu ngenxa yezinto ezivuselelayo ezingcolile noma ukuba khona kwamanzi ayikristalu.
⑺Ushintsho kokuqukethwe kwe-chlorine etholakalayo kwe-ammonium chloride T nakho kuyimbangela evamile yokunqunywa okungalungile kwe-cyanide. Uma kungekho ukuthuthukiswa kombala noma ukuthuthukiswa kombala akukona umugqa futhi ukuzwela kuphansi, ngaphezu kokuphambuka kwenani le-pH lesixazululo, kuvame ukuhlobana nekhwalithi ye-ammonium chloride T. Ngakho-ke, okuqukethwe kwe-chlorine okutholakalayo. i-ammonium chloride T kumele ibe ngaphezu kwe-11%. Uma ibolile noma inemvula ewubhuqu ngemva kokulungiswa, ayikwazi ukuphinda isetshenziswe.
64.Ayini ama-biophase?
Enqubweni yokwelapha yebhayoloji ye-aerobic, kungakhathalekile ukuthi isiphi isakhiwo kanye nenqubo, i-organic matter emanzini angcolile ikhishwa nge-oxid futhi iboliswe ibe yi-inorganic matter ngokusebenzisa imisebenzi ye-metabolic ye-activated sludge kanye ne-biofilm microorganisms ohlelweni lokwelapha. Ngakho amanzi angcolile ayahlanzwa. Izinga lamanzi angcolile ahlanziwe lihlobene nohlobo, inani kanye nomsebenzi we-metabolic wamagciwane akha udaka olucushiwe kanye ne-biofilm. Idizayini kanye nokuphathwa kokusebenza kwansuku zonke kwezinhlaka zokuhlanza amanzi angcolile ikakhulukazi ukuhlinzeka ngendawo yokuhlala engcono yama-microorganisms acushiwe udaka kanye ne-biofilm ukuze akwazi ukusebenzisa amandla awo aphezulu we-metabolic.
Enqubweni yokwelashwa kwamanzi angcolile, ama-microorganisms ayiqembu eliphelele: udaka olucushiwe lwakhiwa ama-microorganisms ahlukahlukene, futhi ama-microorganisms ahlukahlukene kufanele ahlanganyele wodwa futhi ahlale endaweni enokulinganisela kwemvelo. Izinhlobo ezahlukene zama-microorganisms zinemithetho yazo yokukhula ezinhlelweni zokwelapha zebhayoloji. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho i-organic matter iphezulu, amagciwane adla izinto eziphilayo anamandla futhi ngokwemvelo anenani elikhulu kunawo wonke lama-microorganisms. Uma inani lamabhaktheriya likhulu, i-protozoa edla amagciwane izovela nakanjani, bese kuvela i-micrometazoa edla amagciwane kanye ne-protozoa.
Iphethini yokukhula yama-microorganisms odaka olucushiwe isiza ukuqonda ikhwalithi yamanzi yenqubo yokuhlanza amanzi angcolile nge-microbial microscopy. Uma inani elikhulu lama-flagella litholakala ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwe-microscopic, kusho ukuthi ukugxila kwezinto eziphilayo emanzini angcolile kusephezulu futhi ukwelashwa okwengeziwe kuyadingeka; lapho ama-ciliates okubhukuda atholakala ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwe-microscopic, kusho ukuthi amanzi angcolile aphathwe ngezinga elithile; lapho ama-sessile ciliates atholakala ngaphansi kokuhlolwa kwe-microscopic, Lapho inani lama-ciliate okubhukuda lincane, kusho ukuthi kunento encane kakhulu yezinto eziphilayo kanye nama-bacterium amahhala emanzini angcolile, futhi amanzi angcolile aseduze nokuzinza; lapho ama-rotifers etholakala ngaphansi kwe-microscope, kusho ukuthi ikhwalithi yamanzi izinzile.
65.Iyini i-biographic microscopy? uyini umsebenzi?
I-Biophase microscopy ngokuvamile ingasetshenziswa kuphela ukulinganisa isimo sonke sekhwalithi yamanzi. Kuwukuhlolwa kwekhwalithi futhi akunakusetshenziswa njengenkomba yokulawula ikhwalithi yokungcola okuphuma ezikhungweni zokuhlanza amanzi angcolile. Ukuze kuqashwe izinguquko ekulandeleni kwe-microfauna, ukubala okuvamile nakho kuyadingeka.
Udaka olucushiwe kanye ne-biofilm yizingxenye eziyinhloko zokwelashwa kwamanzi angcolile. Ukukhula, ukukhiqizwa kabusha, imisebenzi ye-metabolic yamagciwane odaka kanye nokulandelana phakathi kwezinhlobo ze-microbial kungabonisa ngokuqondile isimo sokwelashwa. Uma kuqhathaniswa nokunqunywa kokugxilwa kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nezinto ezinobuthi, i-biophase microscopy ilula kakhulu. Ungakwazi ukuqonda izinguquko kanye nokukhula kwenani labantu kanye nokwehla kwe-protozoa odongeni olucushiwe nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, futhi ngaleyo ndlela ungakwazi ukwahlulela kuqala izinga lokuhlanzwa kwendle noma izinga lamanzi angenayo. kanye nokuthi izimo zokusebenza zijwayelekile yini. Ngakho-ke, ngaphezu kokusebenzisa izindlela ezingokwenyama nezamakhemikhali ukukala izakhiwo zodaka olucushiwe, ungasebenzisa futhi isibonakhulu ukubona i-morphology yomuntu ngamunye, ukunyakaza kokukhula kanye nenani elihlobene lama-microorganisms ukwahlulela ukusebenza kokwelashwa kwamanzi angcolile, ukuze uthole okungavamile. izimo kusenesikhathi futhi uthathe izinyathelo ezifika ngesikhathi. Izinyathelo ezifanele zokuphikisa kufanele zithathwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza okuzinzile kwedivayisi yokwelapha nokuthuthukisa umphumela wokwelapha.
66. Yini okufanele siyinake lapho sibheka izinto eziphilayo ezingaphansi kokukhuliswa okuncane?
Ukubhekwa kokukhulisa okuphansi ukubona isithombe esiphelele sesigaba sebhayoloji. Naka usayizi we-sludge floc, ukucinana kwesakhiwo se-sludge, ingxenye ye-bacterial jelly kanye ne-filamentous bacteria kanye nesimo sokukhula, futhi urekhode futhi wenze izincazelo ezidingekayo. . I-sludge ene-sludge flocs inokusebenza okuhle kokuxazulula kanye nokumelana okuqinile nomthelela womthwalo ophezulu.
Ama-sludge flocs angahlukaniswa abe izigaba ezintathu ngokobubanzi bawo obujwayelekile: ama-sludge flocs anobubanzi obuphakathi>500 μm abizwa ngokuthi udaka olusanhlamvu olukhulu,<150 μm are small-grained sludge, and those between 150 500 medium-grained sludge. .
Izakhiwo ze-sludge flocs zibhekisela ekubunjweni, ukwakheka, ukuqina kwama-sludge flocs kanye nenani lamabhaktheriya ane-filamentous odaka. Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwe-microscopic, ama-sludge flocs cishe ayindilinga angabizwa ngokuthi ama-round flocs, futhi lawo ahluke ngokuphelele ekubunjweni okuyindilinga abizwa ngokuthi ama-arregulape-shaped flocs.
Ama-voids enethiwekhi kuma-flocs axhunywe ekumisweni ngaphandle kwe-flocs abizwa ngokuthi izakhiwo ezivulekile, futhi lezo ezingenazo i-voids evulekile zibizwa ngokuthi izakhiwo ezivaliwe. Amabhaktheriya e-micelle ku-flocs ahlelwe ngokuminyene, futhi lawo anemingcele ecacile phakathi kwamaphethelo e-floc kanye nokumiswa kwangaphandle abizwa ngokuthi ama-tight flocs, kanti lawo anemiphetho engacacile abizwa ngokuthi ama-loose flocs.
Ukuzijwayeza kufakazele ukuthi ama-flocs ayindilinga, avaliwe, futhi ahlangene kulula ukuhlangana futhi agxile komunye nomunye, futhi abe nokusebenza okuhle kokuxazulula. Uma kungenjalo, ukusebenza kokuxazulula kubi.
67. Yini okufanele siyinake lapho sibheka izinto eziphilayo ezingaphansi kokukhuliswa okuphezulu?
Ngokubheka ngokukhuliswa okuphezulu, ungaqhubeka nokubona izici zesakhiwo sezilwane ezincane. Lapho ubheka, kufanele unake ukubukeka kanye nesakhiwo sangaphakathi sezilwane ezincane, njengokuthi akhona yini amangqamuzana okudla emzimbeni we-bell worms, ukuguquka kwama-ciliates, njll. Lapho ubheka i-jelly clumps, kufanele kunakwe. ukushuba nombala wejeli, inani lama-jelly clumps amasha, njll. Uma ubheka amabhaktheriya ane-filamentous, qaphela ukuthi zikhona yini izinto ze-lipid nezinhlayiya zesulfure eziqoqwe kumabhaktheriya ane-filamentous. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, qaphela ukuhlelwa, ukuma kanye nezici zokunyakaza kwamaseli kubhaktheriya ye-filamentous ukuze uqale ukwahlulela uhlobo lwamabhaktheriya e-filamentous (ukuhlonza okwengeziwe kwamabhaktheriya e-filamentous). izinhlobo zidinga ukusetshenziswa kwelensi kawoyela nokungcoliswa kwamasampula odaka acushiwe).
68. Ungawahlukanisa kanjani ama-filamentous microorganisms ngesikhathi sokubhekwa kwesigaba sezinto eziphilayo?
Ama-microorganisms ane-filamentous ku-sludge ecushiwe ahlanganisa amagciwane ane-filamentous, isikhunta esine-filamentous, i-filamentous algae (cyanobacteria) namanye amaseli axhumene futhi akhe i-filamentous thalli. Phakathi kwabo, amabhaktheriya ane-filamentous avame kakhulu. Kanye namagciwane eqembu le-colloidal, Yakha ingxenye eyinhloko ye-sludge floc ecushiwe. Amabhaktheriya ane-filamentous anamandla amakhulu okukhipha i-oxidize nokubola izinto eziphilayo. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yendawo enkulu ethize yamabhaktheriya ane-filamentous, lapho amabhaktheriya ane-filamentous ku-sludge edlula i-jelly mass ye-bacterial futhi elawula ukukhula, amabhaktheriya ane-filamentous azosuka ku-floc aye odaka. Isandiso sangaphandle sizovimbela ukuhlangana phakathi kwama-flocs futhi sinyuse inani le-SV kanye nevelu ye-SVI yodaka. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, kuzodala ukwanda kwe-sludge. Ngakho-ke, inani lamabhaktheriya ane-filamentous yisici esibaluleke kakhulu esithinta ukusebenza kokulungisa udaka.
Ngokwesilinganiso samabhaktheriya ane-filamentous kuya ku-gelatinous amagciwane odaka olucushiwe, amabhaktheriya ane-filamentous angahlukaniswa abe amamaki amahlanu: ①00 - cishe awekho amagciwane ane-filamentous odaka; ②± ibanga - kunenani elincane lamagciwane angenawo ama-filamentous odaka. Ibanga ③+ - Kunenombolo ephakathi yamabhaktheriya ane-filamentous odaka, futhi inani eliphelele lingaphansi kwamagciwane ku-jelly mass; Ibanga ④++ - Kunenani elikhulu lamabhaktheriya ane-filamentous odaka, futhi inani eliphelele licishe lilingane nama-bacterium ku-jelly mass; ⑤++ Ibanga - Ama-sludge flocs anamabhaktheriya ane-filamentous njengohlaka lwamathambo, futhi inani lamabhaktheriya lidlula kakhulu lelo lamagciwane e-micelle.
69. Yiziphi izinguquko kuma-microorganisms e-sludge acushiwe okufanele zinakwe lapho kubhekwa isigaba sezinto eziphilayo?
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zama-microorganisms odaka olucushiwe lwezitshalo zokuhlanza indle emadolobheni. Kulula kakhulu ukubamba isimo sodaka olucushiwe ngokubheka izinguquko ezinhlotsheni zama-microbial, umumo, amanani kanye nezimo zokunyakaza. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yezizathu zekhwalithi yamanzi, ama-microorganisms athile angase angabonwa odongeni olucushiwe lwezindawo zokuhlanza amanzi angcolile ezimbonini, futhi kungase kungabi khona nhlobo izilwane ezincane. Okusho ukuthi, izigaba zebhayoloji zezitshalo ezahlukene zokuhlanza amanzi angcolile ezimbonini ziyahlukahluka kakhulu.
⑴Izinguquko ezinhlobonhlobo ze-microbial
Izinhlobo zama-microorganisms ku-sludge zizoshintsha ngekhwalithi yamanzi kanye nezigaba zokusebenza. Phakathi nesigaba sokutshalwa kodaka, njengoba udaka olucushiwe lukhula kancane kancane, ukungcola kuyashintsha kusuka ekubeni yimfucumfucu kuya ekuhlanzekeni, futhi ama-microorganisms odaka ashintshashintsha njalo. Ngesikhathi sokusebenza okuvamile, izinguquko ezinhlotsheni ze-sludge microbial nazo zilandela imithetho ethile, futhi izinguquko ezimweni zokusebenza zingathathwa ezinguqukweni zezinhlobo ze-sludge microbial. Isibonelo, lapho isakhiwo se-sludge sixega, kuzoba nama-ciliate amaningi okubhukuda, futhi lapho ukungcola kwamanzi angcolile kuba kubi kakhulu, ama-amoebae nama-flagellates azovela ngamanani amakhulu.
⑵Izinguquko esimweni somsebenzi we-microbial
Lapho izinga lamanzi lishintsha, isimo somsebenzi wezinambuzane ezincane sizoshintsha, futhi ngisho nokuma kwezilwanyana ezincane kuzoshintsha ngokushintsha kwamanzi angcolile. Ukuthatha izikelemu njengesibonelo, isivinini sokushwibeka kwe-cilia, inani lamagwebu okudla anqwabelana emzimbeni, ubukhulu bamabhamuza ebonakude nezinye izimo zonke zizoshintsha ngezinguquko endaweni yokukhula. Lapho i-oxygen encibilikisiwe emanzini iphezulu kakhulu noma iphansi kakhulu, i-vacuole izovame ukuphuma ekhanda le-bell worm. Uma kunezinto eziningi eziphikisayo emanzini angenayo noma izinga lokushisa liphansi kakhulu, izikelemu zewashi zizobe zingasebenzi, futhi izinhlayiya zokudla zinganqwabelana emizimbeni yazo, okuyogcina kuholele ekufeni kwezinambuzane ngenxa yobuthi. Lapho inani le-pH lishintsha, i-cilia emzimbeni we-clockworm iyayeka ukushwibeka.
⑶Izinguquko enanini lama-microorganisms
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zama-microorganisms odaka olucushiwe, kodwa izinguquko enanini lamagciwane athile angabonisa izinguquko kukhwalithi yamanzi. Isibonelo, amabhaktheriya ane-filamentous azuzisa kakhulu uma ekhona ngamanani afanelekile ngesikhathi sokusebenza okuvamile, kodwa ukuba khona kwawo okukhulu kuzoholela ekuncipheni kwenani lenqwaba yejeli yebhaktheriya, ukwanda kodaka, kanye nekhwalithi embi yokuchithwa kwamanzi. Ukuvela kwama-flagellates ku-sludge ecushiwe kubonisa ukuthi i-sludge iqala ukukhula futhi ikhiqize, kodwa ukwanda kwenani lama-flagellates ngokuvamile kuwuphawu lokunciphisa ukusebenza kokwelashwa. Ukubonakala kwenani elikhulu lezikelemu ngokuvamile kuwukubonakaliswa kokukhula okuvuthiwe kodaka olucushiwe. Ngalesi sikhathi, umphumela wokwelapha muhle, futhi inani elincane kakhulu lama-rotifers lingabonakala ngesikhathi esifanayo. Uma inani elikhulu lama-rotifer livela kudaka olucushiwe, ngokuvamile kusho ukuthi udaka luyaguga noma lugcwele i-oxidized, futhi ngemva kwalokho udaka lungase luhlakazeke futhi ikhwalithi yokungcola yonakale.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Dec-08-2023
