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1. Ukunqunywa kwesidingo sekhemikhali komoyampilo (CODcr)
Isidingo komoyampilo wekhemikhali: ibhekisela enanini le-oxidant elisetshenziswa lapho i-potassium dichromate isetshenziswa njenge-oxidant ukwelapha amasampula amanzi ngaphansi kwezimo ze-asidi eqinile nezimo zokushisisa, iyunithi ingu-mg/L. Ezweni lami, indlela ye-potassium dichromate ngokuvamile isetshenziswa njengesisekelo. .
1. Isimiso sendlela
Kusisombululo esiqinile esine-asidi, inani elithile le-potassium dichromate lisetshenziselwa ukwenza i-oxidize izinto ezinciphisa kusampula yamanzi. I-potassium dichromate eyeqile isetshenziswa njengenkomba futhi isisombululo esine-ammonium sulfate sisetshenziselwa ukuconsa emuva. Bala inani le-oxygen elisetshenziswa ngokunciphisa izinto ezisesampula yamanzi ngokusekelwe enanini le-ferrous ammonium sulfate esetshenzisiwe. .
2. Izinsimbi
(1) Idivayisi ye-Reflux: idivayisi ye-reflux eyingilazi yonke ene-conical flask engu-250ml (uma ivolumu yesampula ingaphezu kuka-30ml, sebenzisa idivayisi ye-reflux eyingilazi yonke eneflask eyi-conical engu-500ml). .
(2) Idivayisi yokushisisa: ipuleti lokushisisa likagesi noma isithando somlilo esiguquguqukayo sikagesi. .
(3) 50ml i-acid titrant. .
3. Ama-reagents
(1) Isixazululo esijwayelekile se-Potassium dichromate (1/6=0.2500mol/L:) Kala u-12.258g we-potassium dichromate ehlanzekile esezingeni eliphezulu eyomiswa ku-120°C amahora angu-2, iyincibilikise emanzini, bese uyidlulisela isitsha se-volumetric esingu-1000 ml. Gcoba kumaki bese uxuba kahle. .
(2) Hlola isisombululo senkomba ye-ferrousin: Kala u-1.485g we-phenanthroline, ncibilikisa u-0.695g we-ferrous sulfate emanzini, hlambulula ube ngu-100ml, bese ugcina ebhodleleni elinsundu. .
(3) Isixazululo esijwayelekile se-ammonium sulfate: Kala u-39.5g we-ferrous ammonium sulfate bese uyincibilikisa emanzini. Ngenkathi uvuselela, kancane kancane wengeza u-20ml we-concentrated sulfuric acid. Ngemuva kokupholisa, yidlulisele ku-1000ml ye-volumetric flask, engeza amanzi ukuze unciphise uphawu, futhi unyakazise kahle. Ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa, lungisa isisombululo esijwayelekile se-potassium dichromate. .
Indlela yokulinganisa: Thatha ngokunembile isixazululo esijwayelekile se-potassium dichromate esingu-10.00ml kanye neflask ye-Erlenmeyer engu-500ml, engeza amanzi ukuze ancibilike abe cishe ku-110ml, kancane kancane wengeze u-30ml we-sulfuric acid egxilile, bese uxuba. Ngemva kokupholisa, engeza amaconsi amathathu esisombululo senkomba ye-ferroline (cishe u-0.15ml) bese u-titrate nge-ferrous ammonium sulfate. Umbala wesixazululo uyashintsha usuka ophuzi uye koluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ukuya kunsundu ngokubomvu futhi uyindawo yokugcina. .
C[(NH4)2Fe(SO4)2]=0.2500×10.00/V
Kufomula, c—inhlanganisela ye-ferrous ammonium sulfate standard solution (mol/L); V—umthamo we-ferrous ammonium sulfate standard titration solution (ml). .
(4) Isixazululo se-sulfuric acid-silver sulfate: Engeza u-25g wesulfate esiliva ku-2500ml we-concentrated sulfuric acid. Yiyeke izinsuku ezingu-1-2 bese uyinyakazisa ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze incibilike (uma singekho isiqukathi esingu-2500ml, engeza u-5g wesiliva wesulfate ku-500ml concentrated sulfuric acid). .
(5) I-Mercury sulfate: ikristalu noma impushana. .
4. Izinto okufanele uziqaphele
(1) Inani eliphakeme lama-ion e-chloride elingahlanganiswa kusetshenziswa u-0.4g we-mercury sulfate lingafinyelela ku-40mL. Isibonelo, uma isampula lamanzi elingu-20.00mL lithathwa, lingenza isampula lamanzi libe ne-chloride ion concentration engu-2000mg/L. Uma i-chloride ion concentration iphansi, ungakwazi ukwengeza i-mercury sulfate encane ukuze ugcine i-mercury sulfate:chloride ion = 10:1 (W/W). Uma inani elincane le-mercury chloride likhuphuka, akuthinti ukulinganisa. .
(2) Ivolumu yokususwa kwesampula yamanzi ingaba ku-10.00-50.00mL, kodwa umthamo we-reagent kanye nokugxila kungalungiswa ngokufanele ukuze kutholwe imiphumela egculisayo. .
(3) Kumasampula amanzi anesidingo sekhemikhali komoyampilo ngaphansi kuka-50mol/L, kufanele abe yisisombululo esijwayelekile se-potassium dichromate esingu-0.0250mol/L. Uma uconsa emuva, sebenzisa isisombululo esijwayelekile se-ferrous ammonium sulfate esingu-0.01/L. .
(4) Ngemva kokuba isampula lamanzi lishisiwe futhi lixutshwe kabusha, inani elisele le-potassium dichromate esixazululweni kufanele libe yi-1/5-4/5 yenani elincane elingeziwe. .
(5) Uma usebenzisa isixazululo esijwayelekile se-potassium hydrogen phthalate ukuhlola ikhwalithi nobuchwepheshe bokusebenza be-reagent, njengoba i-CODCr yethiyori ngegremu ngayinye ye-potassium hydrogen phthalate ingu-1.167g, ncibilikisa i-0.4251L ye-potassium hydrogen phthalate namanzi acwecwe kabili. , idlulisele ku-1000mL ye-volumetric flask, bese uyincibilikisa kumaki ngamanzi acwecwe kabili ukuze ulenze isisombululo esijwayelekile esingu-500mg/L CODCr. Okusanda kulungiswa lapho kusetshenziswe. .
(6) Imiphumela yokulinganisa ye-CODCr kufanele igcine izibalo ezintathu ezibalulekile. .
(7) Esivivinyweni ngasinye, isisombululo se-ammonium sulfate esijwayelekile se-ferrous ammonium sulfate kufanele silinganiswe, futhi ukunakekelwa okukhethekile kufanele kukhokhwe izinguquko ekugxiliseni kwaso lapho izinga lokushisa legumbi liphezulu. .
5. Izinyathelo zokulinganisa
(1) Shaya isampula lamanzi angenisayo abuyisiwe kanye nesampula lamanzi okukhipha amanzi ngokulinganayo. .
(2) Thatha amaflaski ama-Erlenmeyer angu-3, anezinombolo 0, 1, no-2; engeza ubuhlalu bezingilazi obu-6 kuflask ngayinye ye-Erlenmeyer emi-3. .
(3) Faka u-20 mL wamanzi acwecwe esitshalweni se-Erlenmeyer esingu-0 (sebenzisa i-fat pipette); engeza u-5 mL wesampula wamanzi okuphakelayo ku-flask No. 1 Erlenmeyer (sebenzisa i-pipette engu-5 mL, bese usebenzisa amanzi okuphakelayo ukuze ugeze ipayipi). ithubhu izikhathi ezingu-3), bese ufaka amanzi angu-15 mL ahlanjululwe (sebenzisa i-pipette enamafutha); engeza u-20 mL wesampula yamanzi angcolile kufulaski No. 2 Erlenmeyer (sebenzisa i-pipette enamafutha, hlambulula i-pipette izikhathi ezi-3 ngamanzi angenayo). .
(4) Engeza u-10 mL wesisombululo esingajwayelekile se-potassium dichromate kuflask ngayinye ye-Erlenmeyer engu-3 (sebenzisa ipayipi elingajwayelekile le-potassium dichromate engu-10 mL, bese ugeza ipayipi 3 ngesisombululo esingajwayelekile se-potassium dichromate) Izinga lesibili) . .
(5) Beka amaflaski e-Erlenmeyer esithandweni somlilo se-electronic multi-purpose, bese uvula ipayipi lamanzi kampompi ukuze ugcwalise ishubhu le-condenser ngamanzi (ungavuli umpompi ube mkhulu kakhulu, ngokusekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho). .
(6) Engeza u-30 mL wesulfate esiliva (usebenzisa isilinda esincane sokulinganisa esingu-25 mL) kumaflask amathathu e-Erlenmeyer kusukela engxenyeni engenhla yeshubhu le-condenser, bese unyakazisa amaflaski amathathu e-Erlenmeyer ngokulinganayo. .
(7) Xhuma isithando somlilo se-electronic multi-purpose, qala ukubeka isikhathi kusukela ekubilisweni, bese ushisa amahora angu-2. .
(8) Ngemva kokuqedwa kokushisisa, khipha isithando somlilo esisebenza nge-elekthronikhi futhi usivumele ukuba siphole isikhathi esithile (kuncike isikhathi esingakanani kulwazi). .
(9) Engeza u-90 mL wamanzi acwecwe asuka engxenyeni engenhla yeshubhu le-condenser kuya kumaflask amathathu e-Erlenmeyer (izizathu zokwengeza amanzi acwecwe: 1. Engeza amanzi aphuma eshubhuni ye-condenser ukuvumela isampula yamanzi ayinsalela odongeni lwangaphakathi lwe-condenser. ithubhu lokugeleza kuflask ye-Erlenmeyer phakathi nenqubo yokushisisa ukuze kuncishiswe amaphutha athile agayiwe ukuze wenze ukusabela kombala kubonakale kakhudlwana. .
(10) Ngemva kokungeza amanzi acwebile, ukushisa kuzodedelwa. Susa i-Erlenmeyer flask bese uyipholisa. .
(11) Ngemva kokupholisa ngokuphelele, engeza amaconsi angu-3 esibonisi se-ferrous yokuhlola kuflask ngayinye kwezintathu ze-Erlenmeyer, bese unyakazisa amaflaski amathathu e-Erlenmeyer ngokulinganayo. .
(12) Titrate nge-ferrous ammonium sulfate. Umbala wesixazululo uyashintsha usuka ophuzi uye koluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ukuya kunsundu ngokubomvu njengephoyinti lokugcina. (Naka ukusetshenziswa kwama-burette azenzakalelayo ngokuphelele. Ngemva kokubhala, khumbula ukufunda nokukhuphula izinga loketshezi le-automatic burette liye ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu ngaphambi kokudlulela ku-titration elandelayo). .
(13) Rekhoda ukufundwa bese abale imiphumela. .
2. Ukunqunywa kwesidingo se-biochemical oxygen (BOD5)
Indle yasekhaya kanye namanzi angcolile ezimbonini aqukethe inani elikhulu lezinto ezihlukahlukene eziphilayo. Lapho zingcolisa amanzi, lezi zinto eziphilayo zizodla inani elikhulu lomoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe lapho zibola emzimbeni wamanzi, ngaleyo ndlela zicekele phansi ibhalansi komoyampilo emzimbeni wamanzi futhi ziwohloke nezinga lamanzi. Ukuntuleka komoyampilo emanzini kubangela ukufa kwezinhlanzi nezinye izinto eziphilayo zasemanzini. .
Ukwakheka kwezinto eziphilayo eziqukethwe emanzini kuyinkimbinkimbi, futhi kunzima ukunquma izingxenye zazo ngayinye ngayinye. Abantu bavame ukusebenzisa umoya-mpilo osetshenziswa izinto eziphilayo emanzini ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile ukuze bamelele ngokungaqondile okuqukethwe kwezinto eziphilayo emanzini. Isidingo se-oksijini ye-biochemical siyinkomba ebalulekile yalolu hlobo. .
Indlela yakudala yokulinganisa isidingo se-oksijini ye-biochemical iyindlela ye-dilution inoculation. .
Amasampula amanzi okulinganisa isidingo se-oksijini ye-biochemical kufanele agcwaliswe futhi avalelwe emabhodleleni lapho eqoqwe. Gcina ku-0-4 degrees Celsius. Ngokuvamile, ukuhlaziywa kufanele kwenziwe phakathi namahora angu-6. Uma ukuhamba ibanga elide kuyadingeka. Kunoma yikuphi, isikhathi sokugcina akufanele sidlule amahora angu-24. .
1. Isimiso sendlela
Isidingo somoya-mpilo wamakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo sibhekisela enanini lomoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe osetshenziswe ohlelweni lwe-biochemical of microorganisms ezibola izinto ezithile ezixubene ne-oxidizable, ikakhulukazi izinto eziphilayo, emanzini ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Yonke inqubo ye-biological oxidation ithatha isikhathi eside. Isibonelo, uma ikhuliswe ku-20 degrees Celsius, kuthatha izinsuku ezingaphezu kweziyi-100 ukuqedela inqubo. Njengamanje, ngokuvamile kuyanqunywa ekhaya naphesheya ukuthi kufukamele izinsuku ezi-5 ku-20 kuhlanganisa noma kususe i-1 degree Celsius, futhi kukalwe umoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe wesampula ngaphambi nangemuva kokufukamela. Umehluko phakathi kwalokhu okubili inani le-BOD5, elivezwa ngama-milligram/litre womoya-mpilo. .
Emanzini athile angaphezulu kanye namanzi angcolile amaningi ezimbonini, ngenxa yokuthi aqukethe izinto eziningi eziphilayo, adinga ukuhlanjululwa ngaphambi kwesiko nokulinganisa ukuze kuncishiswe ukugxila kwawo futhi kuqinisekiswe umoya-mpilo owanele oncibilikisiwe. Izinga lokuhlanjululwa kufanele libe ngendlela yokuthi umoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe osetshenziswa kusiko ube mkhulu kuno-2 mg/L, futhi umoya-mpilo osele oncibilikisiwe ungaphezu kuka-1 mg/L. .
Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi kunomoya-mpilo owanele oncibilikisiwe ngemva kokuba isampula lamanzi lihlanjululwe, amanzi ahlanjululwe ngokuvamile afakwa umoya, ukuze umoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe emanzini ahlanjululwe usondele ekugcwalisweni. Inani elithile lemisoco ye-inorganic kanye nezinto ze-buffer kufanele futhi zengezwe emanzini ahlanjululwayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukukhula kwama-microorganisms. .
Emanzini angcolile ezimbonini aqukethe ama-microorganisms amancane noma angenawo nhlobo, okuhlanganisa amanzi angcolile ane-asidi, amanzi angcolile ane-alkaline, amanzi angcolile asezingeni eliphezulu noma amanzi angcolile ane-chlorine, ukujova kufanele kwenziwe lapho kulinganiswa i-BOD5 ukwethula ama-microorganisms angabolisa izinto eziphilayo emanzini angcolile. Uma kunento ephilayo emanzini angcolile okunzima ukucekelwa phansi yizilokazane ezincane endle ngokuvamile yasekhaya ngesivinini esivamile noma equkethe izinto ezinobuthi obukhulu, ama-microorganisms afuywayo kufanele angeniswe kusampula yamanzi ukuze ajove. Le ndlela ifanele ukunqunywa kwamasampula amanzi nge-BOD5 enkulu noma elingana no-2mg/L, futhi umkhawulo awudluli u-6000mg/L. Uma i-BOD5 yesampula yamanzi inkulu kuno-6000mg/L, amaphutha athile azokwenzeka ngenxa yokuhlanjululwa. .
2. Izinsimbi
(1) I-incubator yokushisa engashintshi
(2)5-20L ibhodlela lengilazi yomlomo emincane. .
(3)1000——2000ml isilinda sokulinganisa
(4) Induku yengilazi enyakazayo: Ubude benduku kufanele bube bubude obungu-200mm kunobude besilinda sokulinganisa esisetshenzisiwe. Ipuleti lerabha eliqinile elinobubanzi obuncane kunangaphansi kwesilinda sokulinganisa kanye nezimbobo ezimbalwa ezincane ezigxilwe phansi kwenduku. .
(5) Ibhodlela le-oxygen elincibilikisiwe: phakathi kuka-250ml no-300ml, nesivalo sengilazi ephansi kanye nomlomo omise okwensimbi ukuze kuvalwe amanzi. .
(6) I-Siphon, esetshenziselwa ukuthatha amasampula amanzi kanye nokwengeza amanzi okuhlanjululwa. .
3. Ama-reagents
(1) Isixazululo se-phosphate buffer: Chaza u-8.5 potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 21.75g dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, 33.4 sodium hydrogen phosphate heptahydrate kanye no-1.7g ammonium chloride emanzini bese unciphisa ku-1000ml. I-pH yalesi sixazululo kufanele ibe ngu-7.2
(2) Isixazululo se-Magnesium sulfate: Chaza u-22.5g we-magnesium sulfate heptahydrate emanzini bese unciphisa ku-1000ml. .
(3) Isixazululo seCalcium chloride: Chaza u-27.5% we-calcium chloride eyi-anhydrous emanzini bese unciphisa ku-1000ml. .
(4) Isixazululo se-ferric chloride: Chaza i-0.25g ferric chloride hexahydrate emanzini bese unciphisa ku-1000ml. .
(5) Isixazululo se-Hydrochloric acid: Chaza u-40ml we-hydrochloric acid emanzini bese unciphisa ku-1000ml.
(6) Isixazululo se-sodium hydroxide: Chaza u-20g we-sodium hydroxide emanzini bese unciphisa ku-1000ml
(7) Isixazululo se-sodium sulfite: Chaza i-1.575g sodium sulfite emanzini bese unciphisa ku-1000ml. Lesi sixazululo asizinzile futhi sidinga ukulungiswa nsuku zonke. .
(8) Isixazululo esijwayelekile se-Glucose-glutamic acid: Ngemva kokomisa i-glucose ne-glutamic acid ku-103 degrees Celsius ihora eli-1, kala u-150ml ngayinye bese uyincibilikise emanzini, uyidlulisele ku-1000ml volumetric flask bese uhlanza uphawu, futhi uhlanganise ngokulinganayo. . Lungiselela lesi sixazululo esijwayelekile ngaphambi nje kokusisebenzisa. .
(9) Amanzi ahlanjululwayo: Inani le-pH lamanzi ahlanjululwayo kufanele libe ngu-7.2, futhi i-BOD5 yawo kufanele ibe ngaphansi kuka-0.2ml/L. .
(10) Isixazululo sokujova: Ngokuvamile, kusetshenziswa indle yasendlini, ishiywe ekamelweni lokushisa ubusuku nemini, futhi kusetshenziswa isikhukhula. .
(11) Amanzi okuhlanjululwa kwe-inoculation: Thatha inani elifanele lesisombululo sokujova, ulifake emanzini okuhlanjululwa, futhi uhlanganise kahle. Inani lesisombululo se-inoculation elengezwe ilitha ngalinye lamanzi ahlanjululwe yi-1-10ml yendle yasekhaya; noma 20-30ml we-exudate yomhlabathi ongaphezulu; inani le-pH yamanzi e-inoculation dilution kufanele libe ngu-7.2. Inani le-BOD kufanele libe phakathi kuka-0.3-1.0 mg/L. Amanzi okuhlanjululwa kwe-inoculation kufanele asetshenziswe ngokushesha ngemva kokulungiselela. .
4. Ukubala
1. Amasampula amanzi cultured ngqo ngaphandle dilution
BOD5(mg/L)=C1-C2
Kufomula: C1——i-oksijini encibilikisiwe yesampula yamanzi ngaphambi kwesiko (mg/L);
I-C2——Ukugxiliswa komoyampilo okusele oncibilikisiwe (mg/L) ngemva kokuba isampula lamanzi lifakwe izinsuku ezingu-5. .
2. Amasampula amanzi cultured ngemva dilution
BOD5(mg/L)=[(C1-C2)—(B1-B2)f1]∕f2
Kufomula: C1——i-oksijini encibilikisiwe yesampula yamanzi ngaphambi kwesiko (mg/L);
I-C2——Ukugxiliswa komoyampilo okusele (mg/L) okusele ngemva kwezinsuku ezi-5 zokufakwa kwesampula lamanzi;
I-B1——I-oksijini encibilikisiwe yamanzi e-dilution (noma amanzi e-inoculation dilution) ngaphambi kwesiko (mg/L);
I-B2——Ingxube ye-oksijini encibilikisiwe yamanzi e-dilution (noma amanzi e-inoculation dilution) ngemva kwesiko (mg/L);
f1——Inani lamanzi ahlanjululweyo (noma amanzi ahlanjululwayo) endaweni yesiko;
f2——Ingxenye yesampula yamanzi endaweni yamasiko. .
I-B1——I-oksijini encibilikisiwe yamanzi e-dilution ngaphambi kwesiko;
B2——I-oksijini encibilikisiwe yamanzi ahlanjululwayo ngemva kokutshalwa;
f1——Inani lamanzi ahlanjululwayo endaweni yesiko;
f2——Ingxenye yesampula yamanzi endaweni yamasiko. .
Qaphela: Ukubalwa kuka-f1 no-f2: Isibonelo, uma isilinganiso sokuhlanjululwa kwesisetshenziswa esivamile singu-3%, okungukuthi, izingxenye ezi-3 zesampula yamanzi nezingxenye ezingu-97 zamanzi ahlanjululwayo, bese kuba ngu-f1=0.97 kanye no-f2=0.03. .
5. Izinto okufanele uziqaphele
(1) Inqubo ye-biological oxidation yento ephilayo emanzini ingahlukaniswa izigaba ezimbili. Isigaba sokuqala yi-oxidation ye-carbon ne-hydrogen entweni ephilayo ukukhiqiza i-carbon dioxide namanzi. Lesi sigaba sibizwa nge-carbonization stage. Kuthatha cishe izinsuku ezingama-20 ukuqeda isigaba se-carbonization ku-20 degrees Celsius. Esigabeni sesibili, izinto eziqukethe i-nitrogen nengxenye ye-nitrogen zifakwa nge-oxidized zibe i-nitrite ne-nitrate, ebizwa ngokuthi isiteji se-nitrification. Kuthatha cishe izinsuku eziyi-100 ukuqeda isigaba se-nitrification ku-20 degrees Celsius. Ngakho-ke, lapho kulinganiswa i-BOD5 yamasampula amanzi, i-nitrification ngokuvamile ayisho lutho noma ayenzeki nhlobo. Kodwa-ke, amanzi angcolile avela ethangini lokwelapha lebhayoloji aqukethe inani elikhulu lamagciwane afaka i-nitrifying. Ngakho-ke, lapho kulinganiswa i-BOD5, isidingo se-oxygen kwezinye izinhlanganisela eziqukethe i-nitrogen sifakiwe. Kumasampula amanzi anjalo, ama-nitrification inhibitors angangezwa ukuze avimbele inqubo ye-nitrification. Ngale njongo, i-1 ml ye-propylene thiourea ene-concentration ye-500 mg/L noma inani elithile le-2-chlorozone-6-trichloromethyldine egxilwe ku-sodium chloride ingangezwa ilitha ngalinye lesampula lamanzi ahlanjululwe ukwenza i-TCMP at isampula ehlanjululiwe icishe ibe ngu-0.5 mg/L. .
(2) I-glassware kufanele ihlanzwe kahle. Okokuqala cwilisa futhi uhlanze nge-detergent, bese ucwilisa nge-dilute hydrochloric acid, futhi ekugcineni ugeze ngamanzi ompompi namanzi acwecwe. .
(3) Ukuze uhlole ikhwalithi yamanzi e-dilution kanye nesisombululo se-inoculum, kanye nezinga lokusebenza kukachwepheshe waselabhorethri, hlambulula u-20ml wesisombululo esijwayelekile se-glucose-glutamic acid ngamanzi e-inoculation dilution abe ngu-1000ml, bese ulandela izinyathelo zokulinganisa. BOD5. Inani elilinganisiwe le-BOD5 kufanele libe phakathi kuka-180-230mg/L. Uma kungenjalo, hlola ukuthi zikhona yini izinkinga ngekhwalithi yesisombululo se-inoculum, amanzi ahlanjululwayo noma amasu okusebenza. .
(4) Uma i-dilution factor yesampula yamanzi idlula izikhathi eziyi-100, kufanele ihlanjululwe kuqala ngamanzi kuflask yevolumu, bese kuthathwa inani elifanele ukuze kusetshenziswe isiko lokugcina lokuhlanjululwa. .
3. Ukunqunywa kwezinto eziqinile ezimisiwe (SS)
Izinto eziqinile ezimisiwe zimelela inani lento eqinile engancibilikisiwe emanzini. .
1. Isimiso sendlela
Ijika lokulinganisa lakhelwe ngaphakathi, futhi ukumunca kwesampula kubude obuthile begagasi kuguqulwa kube inani lokugxilisa lepharamitha ezolinganiswa, futhi kuboniswa esikrinini se-LCD. .
2. Izinyathelo zokulinganisa
(1) Shaya isampula lamanzi angenisayo abuyisiwe kanye nesampula lamanzi okukhipha amanzi ngokulinganayo. .
(2) Thatha ishubhu le-colorimetric eli-1 bese wengeza u-25 mL wesampula lamanzi angenayo, bese wengeza amanzi acwecwe kumaki (ngoba amanzi angenayo i-SS makhulu, uma engahlanjululwanga, angase eqe umkhawulo omkhulu womhloli wezinto eziqinile ezimisiwe) , okwenza imiphumela inganembile. Yiqiniso, umthamo wesampula wamanzi angenayo awunqunyelwe. Uma amanzi angenayo engcole kakhulu, thatha u-10mL bese wengeza amanzi acwebile esikalini). .
(3) Vula isihloli sezinto eziqinile esimisiwe, engeza amanzi acwecwe ku-2/3 webhokisi elincane elifana ne-cuvette, sula udonga olungaphandle, cindezela inkinobho yokukhetha ngenkathi unyakaza, bese ufaka ngokushesha isihloli sezinto eziqinile esimisiwe kuso, bese cindezela inkinobho yokufunda. Uma kungeyena uziro, cindezela inkinobho ecacile ukuze usule ithuluzi (vele ulinganise kanye). .
4 ukuthuthumela. Bese uyifaka ngokushesha kusihloli sezinto eziqinile esimisiwe, bese ucindezela inkinobho yokufunda, ulinganise izikhathi ezintathu, bese ubale inani elimaphakathi. .
(5) Kala amanzi SS: Shake isampula lamanzi ngokulinganayo bese uhlanza ibhokisi elincane izikhathi ezintathu…(Indlela iyafana nangenhla)
3. Ukubala
Umphumela we-SS wamanzi angenisayo uthi: isilinganiso se-dilution * ukufundwa kwesampula yamanzi e-inlet kukalwa. Umphumela we-SS yokuphuma kwamanzi ukufundwa kwethuluzi lesampula lamanzi elilinganisiwe.
4. Ukunqunywa kwengqikithi ye-phosphorus (TP)
1. Isimiso sendlela
Ngaphansi kwezimo ezine-acidic, i-orthophosphate isabela nge-ammonium molybdate kanye ne-potassium antimonyl tartrate ukwakha i-phosphomolybdenum heteropoly acid, encishiswa i-ejenti yokunciphisa i-ascorbic acid futhi ibe inkimbinkimbi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ngokuvamile ehlanganiswe ne-phosphomolybdenum eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. .
Isilinganiso esincane esitholakalayo sale ndlela singu-0.01mg/L (i-concentration ehambisana nokumunca A=0.01); umkhawulo ophezulu wokunquma ngu-0.6mg/L. Ingasetshenziswa ekuhlaziyweni kwe-orthophosphate emanzini angaphansi komhlaba, indle yasekhaya kanye namanzi angcolile ezimbonini avela kumakhemikhali ansuku zonke, umanyolo we-phosphate, ukwelashwa kwe-metal surface phosphating, izibulala-zinambuzane, insimbi, i-coking nezinye izimboni. .
2. Izinsimbi
I-Spectrophotometer
3. Ama-reagents
(1)1+1 i-sulfuric acid. .
(2) 10% (m/V) isisombululo se-ascorbic acid: Chaza u-10g we-ascorbic acid emanzini bese uhlanza ku-100ml. Isixazululo sigcinwa ebhodleleni lengilazi elinsundu futhi lizinzile amasonto ambalwa endaweni ebandayo. Uma umbala uphenduka ophuzi, lahla futhi uhlanganise kabusha. .
(3) Isixazululo se-Molybdate: Chaza u-13g we-ammonium molybdate [(NH4)6Mo7O24˙4H2O] ku-100ml wamanzi. Chaza u-0.35g we-potassium antimonyl tartrate [K(SbO)C4H4O6˙1/2H2O] emanzini angu-100ml. Ngaphansi kokugqugquzelwa njalo, faka kancane isixazululo se-ammonium molybdate ku-300ml (1+1) sulfuric acid, engeza isixazululo se-potassium antimony tartrate futhi uhlanganise ngokulinganayo. Gcina ama-reagents emabhodleleni engilazi ansundu endaweni ebandayo. Izinzile okungenani izinyanga ezi-2. .
(4) Isixazululo sesinxephezelo sombala we-Turbidity: Hlanganisa imiqulu emibili ye-(1+1) sulfuric acid kanye nevolumu eyodwa ka-10% (m/V) we-ascorbic acid solution. Lesi sixazululo silungiswa ngosuku olufanayo. .
(5) Isixazululo sesitoko se-phosphate: I-potassium dihydrogen phosphate eyomile (KH2PO4) ku-110°C amahora angu-2 bese uvumela ukuba ipholile ku-desiccator. Isisindo esingu-0.217g, sincibilikise emanzini, bese usidlulisela ku-1000ml volumetric flask. Faka u-5ml we-(1+1) sulfuric acid bese uhlanza ngamanzi endaweni yophawu. Lesi sixazululo siqukethe 50.0ug phosphorus ngemililitha. .
(6) Isixazululo esijwayelekile se-Phosphate: Thatha u-10.00ml wesixazululo sesitoko se-phosphate esitshalweni se-volumetric esingu-250ml, bese unciphisa uphawu ngamanzi. Lesi sixazululo siqukethe i-2.00ug phosphorus ngemililitha ngayinye. Ilungiselelwe ukusetshenziswa ngokushesha. .
4. Izinyathelo zokulinganisa (ukuthatha kuphela isilinganiso samasampula amanzi okungenisa kanye nokukhipha njengesibonelo)
(1) Nyakazisa isampula lamanzi angenisayo abuyisiwe kanye nesampula lamanzi okukhipha kahle (isampula lamanzi elithathwe echibini lamakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo kufanele linyakaziswe kahle futhi lishiywe isikhathi esithile ukuze kuthathwe amandla angaphezu kwavamile). .
(2) Thatha amashubhu esikali esimisiwe ama-3, engeza amanzi acwebile eshubhuni yesikali esimisiwe emgqeni wesikali esiphezulu; engeza u-5mL wesampula yamanzi kushubhu yesikali esimisiwe sesibili, bese wengeza amanzi acwecwe emugqeni wesikali esiphezulu; ishubhu yesikali esimisiwe sesithathu Ipulaki yepulaki eneziqu
Gcoba ku-hydrochloric acid amahora ama-2, noma khuhla nge-detergent engena-phosphate. .
(3) I-cuvette kufanele incwiliswe ku-nitric acid encibilikisiwe noma isixazululo se-chromic acid yokuwasha isikhashana ngemva kokusetshenziswa ukuze kukhishwe umbala oluhlaza we-adsorbed molybdenum. .
5. Ukunqunywa kwengqikithi ye-nitrogen (TN)
1. Isimiso sendlela
Kusisombululo esinamanzi esingaphezu kuka-60°C, i-potassium persulfate iyabola ngokulandela ifomula yokusabela elandelayo ukuze kukhiqizwe ama-ion e-hydrogen nomoya-mpilo. K2S2O8+H2O→2KHSO4+1/2O2KHSO4→K++HSO4_HSO4→H++SO42-
Engeza i-sodium hydroxide ukuze unciphise ama-ion e-hydrogen futhi uqedele ukubola kwe-potassium persulfate. Ngaphansi kwesimo esiphakathi kwe-alkaline esingu-120℃-124℃, kusetshenziswa i-potassium persulfate njenge-oxidant, akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi i-ammonia nitrogen ne-nitrite nitrogen esesampuleni samanzi ingafakwa nge-oxidation ibe i-nitrate, kodwa futhi iningi lezinhlanganisela ze-nitrogen eziphilayo kwisampula yamanzi zingangena. i-oxidized ibe yi-Nitrate. Bese usebenzisa i-ultraviolet spectrophotometry ukuze ulinganise ukumunca kumaza wamaza angu-220nm no-275nm ngokulandelana, futhi ubale ukumuncwa kwe-nitrate nitrogen ngokwefomula elandelayo: A=A220-2A275 ukuze ubale ingqikithi yokuqukethwe kwe-nitrogen. I-coefficient yokumuncwa kwe-molar yi-1.47×103
2. Ukugxambukela nokuqedwa
(1) Uma isampula lamanzi liqukethe ama-ion e-chromium ane-hexavalent nama-ion ferric, u-1-2 ml wesisombululo se-5% se-hydroxylamine hydrochloride angangezwa ukuze kuqedwe ithonya lawo esilinganisweni. .
(2) Ama-ion e-iodide nama-bromide ion aphazamisa ukuzimisela. Akukho ukuphazamiseka lapho okuqukethwe kwe-ion ye-iodide kuwu-0.2 wengqikithi yokuqukethwe kwe-nitrogen. Akukho ukuphazamiseka lapho okuqukethwe kwe-ion ye-bromide kuyizikhathi ezingu-3.4 kunokuqukethwe kwenani le-nitrogen. .
(3) Umthelela we-carbonate ne-bicarbonate ekunqumeni ungaqedwa ngokungeza inani elithile le-hydrochloric acid. .
(4) I-sulfate ne-chloride ayinawo umthelela ekunqumeni. .
3. Ububanzi bokusetshenziswa kwendlela
Le ndlela ifaneleka kakhulu ekunqunyweni kwenani le-nitrogen eliphelele emachibini, emachibini, nasemifuleni. Umkhawulo wokutholwa ophansi wendlela ngu-0.05 mg/L; umkhawulo ophezulu wokunquma ngu-4 mg/L. .
4. Izinsimbi
(1) I-spectrophotometer ye-UV. .
(2) Isibulali magciwane esicindezelayo noma isitofu sokucindezela kwasendlini. .
(3) Ishubhu lengilazi elinesivalo nomlomo ophansi. .
5. Ama-reagents
(1) Amanzi angenayo i-ammonia, engeza u-0.1ml we-sulfuric acid egxilile ilitha ngalinye lamanzi kanye ne-distill. Qoqa ukungcola esitsheni sengilazi. .
(2) 20% (m/V) i-sodium hydroxide: Kala u-20g we-sodium hydroxide, ncibilika emanzini angenayo i-ammonia, bese unciphisa ku-100ml. .
(3) Isixazululo se-alkaline potassium persulfate: Kala u-40g we-potassium persulfate kanye no-15g we-sodium hydroxide, uwaqede emanzini angenayo i-ammonia, bese unciphisa ku-1000ml. Isixazululo sigcinwa ebhodleleni le-polyethylene futhi singagcinwa isonto elilodwa. .
(4)1+9 i-hydrochloric acid. .
(5) Isixazululo esijwayelekile se-Potassium nitrate: a. Isixazululo esijwayelekile sesitoko: Kala u-0.7218g we-potassium nitrate omiswe ku-105-110 ° C amahora angu-4, uhlakaze emanzini angenayo i-ammonia, bese uyidlulisela ku-1000ml volumetric flask ukuze ulungise umthamo. Lesi sixazululo siqukethe i-100 mg ye-nitrate nitrogen per ml. Faka i-chloroform engu-2ml njengesivikelo futhi izozinza okungenani izinyanga eziyi-6. b. Isixazululo esijwayelekile se-Potassium nitrate: Nciphisa ikhambi lesitoko izikhathi eziyishumi ngamanzi angenayo i-ammonia. Lesi sixazululo siqukethe u-10 mg we-nitrate nitrogen per ml. .
6. Izinyathelo zokulinganisa
(1) Shaya isampula lamanzi angenisayo abuyisiwe kanye nesampula lamanzi okukhipha amanzi ngokulinganayo. .
(2) Thatha amashubhu amathathu we-colorimetric angu-25mL (qaphela ukuthi akuwona amashubhu amakhulu we-colorimetric). Engeza amanzi ahlanjululwe ku-tube yokuqala ye-colorimetric bese uyifaka emgqeni wesikali esiphansi; engeza i-1mL yesampula yamanzi e-inlet kushubhu lesibili le-colorimetric, bese wengeza amanzi acwecwe emugqeni wesikali esiphansi; engeza u-2mL wesampula wamanzi aphumayo eshubhuni lesithathu lombala, bese wengeza amanzi acwecwe kuwo. Engeza umaki ophansi. .
(3) Engeza u-5 mL we-potassium persulfate eyisisekelo kumashubhu amathathu emibala ngokulandelana.
(4) Faka amashubhu amathathu emibala ebhodweni lepulasitiki, bese uwashisa esitokisini esicindezelayo. Yenza ukugaya. .
(5) Ngemva kokushisa, khipha i-gauze futhi uvumele ukupholisa ngokwemvelo. .
(6) Ngemva kokupholisa, engeza u-1 mL we-1+9 hydrochloric acid kushubhu ngalinye kwamathathu anemibala. .
(7) Faka amanzi acwecwe kushubhu ngalinye kwamathathu anemibala kuze kufike kumaki angenhla bese unyakazisa kahle. .
(8) Sebenzisa amaza amaza amabili futhi ulinganise nge-spectrophotometer. Okokuqala, sebenzisa i-cuvette ye-quartz engu-10mm enobude begagasi obungu-275nm (endala kancane) ukuze ulinganise amasampula amanzi angenalutho, angenayo, kanye ne-outlet bese uwabala; bese usebenzisa i-cuvette yequartz engu-10mm enobude begagasi obungu-220nm (endala kancane) ukuze ulinganise amasampula amanzi angenalutho, okungenisayo, kanye nokuphumayo. Thatha ukhiphe amasampula amanzi uwabale. .
(9) Imiphumela yokubala. .
6. Ukunqunywa kwe-ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N)
1. Isimiso sendlela
Izixazululo ze-alkaline ze-mercury ne-potassium zihlangana ne-ammonia ukuze zenze inhlanganisela ye-colloidal ekhanyayo ngokubomvu-nsundu. Lo mbala unokumunca okuqinile phezu kobubanzi obubanzi be-wavelength. Ngokuvamile ubude begagasi obusetshenziselwa ukulinganisa bubangeni elingu-410-425nm. .
2. Ukulondolozwa kwamasampula amanzi
Amasampula amanzi aqoqwa emabhodleleni e-polyethylene noma amabhodlela engilazi futhi kufanele ahlaziywe ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka. Uma kunesidingo, engeza i-sulfuric acid kusampula yamanzi ukuze wenze i-asidi ibe yi-pH<2, bese uyigcina ku-2-5°C. Amasampula ane-Acid kufanele athathwe ukuvimbela ukumuncwa kwe-ammonia emoyeni kanye nokungcola. .
3. Ukugxambukela nokuqedwa
Izinhlanganisela eziphilayo ezifana ne-aliphatic amines, ama-amine amnandi, i-aldehydes, i-acetone, i-alcohol nama-organic nitrogen amines, kanye nama-ion we-inorganic njenge-iron, i-manganese, i-magnesium nesibabule, kubangela ukuphazamiseka ngenxa yokukhiqizwa kwemibala ehlukene noma i-turbidity. Umbala kanye ne-turbidity yamanzi nakho kuthinta i-Colorimetric. Ngale njongo, i-flocculation, sedimentation, filtration noma i-distillation pretreatment iyadingeka. Izinto eziphazamisayo ezinciphisayo zingashiswa ngaphansi kwezimo ezine-asidi ukuze kususwe ukuphazamiseka kwe-ion yensimbi, futhi inani elifanele le-agent efihla ubuso nalo lingangezwa ukuze liwaqede. .
4. Ububanzi bokusetshenziswa kwendlela
Ukuhlushwa okuphansi okutholakalayo kwale ndlela kungu-0.025 mg/l (indlela ye-photometric), futhi umkhawulo ophezulu wokunquma ngu-2 mg/l. Ngokusebenzisa i-colorimetry ebonakalayo, ukugxila okuphansi okutholakalayo ngu-0.02 mg/l. Ngemuva kokulungiswa okufanele kwamasampula amanzi, le ndlela ingasetshenziswa emanzini angaphezulu, amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, amanzi angcolile ezimbonini kanye nendle yasekhaya. .
5. Izinsimbi
(1) I-Spectrophotometer. .
(2)PH imitha
6. Ama-reagents
Wonke amanzi asetshenziselwa ukulungisa ama-reagents kufanele angabi ne-ammonia. .
(1) I-reagent ye-Nessler
Ungakhetha enye yezindlela ezilandelayo ukuze uzilungiselele:
1. Kala u-20g we-potassium iodide bese uyincibilikisa cishe ku-25ml wamanzi. Engeza i-mercury dichloride (HgCl2) i-crystal powder (cishe i-10g) ezingxenyeni ezincane ngenkathi uvuselela. Uma imvula ebomvu ivela futhi kunzima ukuyincibilika, sekuyisikhathi sokwengeza i-saturated dioxide dropwise. Isixazululo se-Mercury bese ugoqa kahle. Uma i-vermilion precipitate ibonakala futhi ingasancibiliki, yeka ukungeza isixazululo se-mercuric chloride. .
Kala enye i-60g ye-potassium hydroxide bese uyincibilikisa emanzini, bese uyihlanza ibe ngu-250ml. Ngemva kokupholisa ekamelweni lokushisa, kancane kancane uthele isisombululo esingenhla kwisisombululo se-potassium hydroxide ngenkathi uvuselela, uhlambulule ngamanzi ku-400ml, futhi uhlanganise kahle. Vumela ukuma ubusuku bonke, udlulisele i-supernatant ebhodleleni le-polyethylene, futhi uyigcine ngesivalo esiqinile. .
2. Kala u-16g we-sodium hydroxide, uyiqede ku-50ml wamanzi, futhi uphole ngokugcwele ekamelweni lokushisa. .
Kala enye i-7g ye-potassium iodide kanye ne-10g ye-mercury iodide (HgI2) bese uyincibilikisa emanzini. Bese ufaka kancane kancane lesi sixazululo kwisisombululo se-sodium hydroxide ngenkathi ushukumisa, yihlambulule ngamanzi ku-100ml, uyigcine ebhodleleni le-polyethylene, futhi uyigcine ivalwe ngokuqinile. .
(2) Isixazululo se-Potassium sodium acid
Kala u-50g we-potassium sodium tartrate (KNaC4H4O6.4H2O) bese uyincibilikisa ku-100ml wamanzi, ukushisa kanye nokubilisa ukuze ukhiphe i-ammonia, uphole futhi uncibilike ku-100ml. .
(3)Isixazululo se-ammonium standard stock
Isisindo sika-3.819g se-ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) esomisiwe ku-100 degrees Celsius, sincibilikise emanzini, siyidlulisele ku-1000ml ye-volumetric flask, futhi ihlambulule uphawu. Lesi sixazululo siqukethe i-1.00mg ammonia nitrogen per ml. .
(4)Isixazululo esijwayelekile se-ammonium
I-Pipette 5.00ml yesisombululo se-amine esijwayelekile sesitokisini sibe yi-500ml ye-volumetric flask bese uyixuba ngamanzi kuze kube uphawu. Lesi sixazululo siqukethe i-0.010mg ammonia nitrogen per ml. .
7. Ukubala
Thola okuqukethwe kwe-ammonia nitrogen (mg) ejikeni lokulinganisa
I-ammonia nitrogen (N, mg/l)=m/v*1000
Kufomula, m - inani le-ammonia nitrogen elitholakala ekulinganisweni (mg), V - umthamo wesampula yamanzi (ml). .
8. Izinto okufanele uziqaphele
(1) Isilinganiso se-sodium iodide ne-potassium iodide sinethonya elikhulu ekuzweleni kokusabela kombala. Imvula eyenziwe ngemuva kokuphumula kufanele isuswe. .
(2) Iphepha lokuhlunga livame ukuqukatha amanani amancane kasawoti we-ammonium, ngakho qiniseka ukuthi uyaligeza ngamanzi angenayo i-ammonia lapho ulisebenzisa. Zonke glassware kufanele zivikelwe ammonia ukungcola emoyeni laboratory. .
9. Izinyathelo zokulinganisa
(1) Shaya isampula lamanzi angenisayo abuyisiwe kanye nesampula lamanzi okukhipha amanzi ngokulinganayo. .
(2) Thela isampula lamanzi angenisayo kanye nesampula lamanzi okukhipha kumabhikha ayi-100mL ngokulandelana. .
(3) Faka i-1 mL ye-zinc sulfate engu-10% namaconsi angu-5 e-sodium hydroxide kumabhikha amabili ngokulandelana, bese ugovuza ngezinduku ezimbili zezingilazi. .
(4) Yiyeke ihlale imizuzu emi-3 bese uqala ukuhlunga. .
(5) Thela isampula lamanzi amile kufaneli yokuhlunga. Ngemuva kokuhlunga, khipha i-filtrate ku-beaker engezansi. Bese usebenzisa leli bhika ukuqoqa isampula lamanzi elisele kufaneli. Kuze kube yilapho ukuhlunga kuqedwa, uthele i-filtrate ku-beaker engezansi futhi. Thela i-filtrate. (Ngamanye amazwi, sebenzisa i-filtrate evela kufaneli eyodwa ukugeza ibhikha kabili)
(6) Hlunga amasampula amanzi asele kumabhika ngokulandelana. .
(7) Thatha amashubhu ombala ama-3. Engeza amanzi ahlanjululwe ku-tube yokuqala ye-colorimetric bese wengeza esikalini; engeza u-3–5mL we-filtrate yesampula yamanzi angenayo eshubhu lesibili le-colorimetric, bese wengeza amanzi acwecwe esikalini; engeza u-2mL wesampula yamanzi okukhiphayo eshubhu lesithathu le-colorimetric. Bese wengeza amanzi distilled uphawu. (Inani lokuhlunga amanzi angenayo naphumayo alilungisiwe)
(8) Engeza u-1 mL we-potassium sodium tartrate kanye ne-reagent ye-Nessler engu-1.5 mL kumashubhu amathathu ombala ngokulandelanayo. .
(9) Shake kahle kanye nesikhathi imizuzu eyi-10. Sebenzisa i-spectrophotometer ukuze ulinganise, usebenzisa ubude begagasi obungu-420nm kanye ne-cuvette engu-20mm. Bala. .
(10) Imiphumela yokubala. .
7. Ukunqunywa kwe-nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N)
1. Isimiso sendlela
Esampuleni samanzi endaweni ye-alkaline, i-nitrate ingancishiswa ngobuningi ibe yi-ammonia nge-ejenti yokunciphisa (i-Daisler alloy) ngaphansi kokushisisa. Ngemuva kokukhishwa kwe-distillation, imuncwa kusisombululo se-boric acid futhi ikalwe kusetshenziswa i-Nessler's reagent photometry noma i-acid titration. . .
2. Ukugxambukela nokuqedwa
Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, i-nitrite nayo yehliswa ibe i-ammonia futhi idinga ukususwa kusenesikhathi. Usawoti we-ammonia kanye ne-ammonia emasampula amanzi nawo angasuswa ngokugaywa kwangaphambili ngaphambi kokwengeza ingxube ye-Daisch. .
Le ndlela ifaneleka ngokukhethekile ukunqunywa kwe-nitrate nitrogen kumasampula amanzi angcoliswe kakhulu. Ngasikhathi sinye, ingabuye isetshenziselwe ukunquma i-nitrite nitrogen kumasampula amanzi (isampula yamanzi inqunywa i-alkaline pre-distillation ukuze kukhishwe usawoti we-ammonia ne-ammonium, bese kuba i-nitrite Inani eliphelele likasawoti, khipha inani ye-nitrate elinganiswa ngokuhlukana, inani le-nitrite). .
3. Izinsimbi
Idivaysi yokugcwalisa i-nitrogen-fixing enamabhola e-nitrogen. .
4. Ama-reagents
(1) Isixazululo se-Sulfamic acid: Kala i-1g ye-sulfamic acid (HOSO2NH2), yincibilikise emanzini, bese uyincibilikisa ibe ngu-100ml. .
(2)1+1 i-hydrochloric acid
(3) Isixazululo se-sodium hydroxide: Kala u-300g we-sodium hydroxide, uyihlakaze emanzini, bese uyincibilikisa ibe ngu-1000ml. .
(4) Ingxube ye-Daisch (Cu50:Zn5:Al45) impushana. .
(5) Isixazululo se-Boric acid: Kala u-20g we-boric acid (H3BO3), uhlakaze emanzini, bese unciphisa ku-1000ml. .
5. Izinyathelo zokulinganisa
(1) Nyakazisa amasampula abuyisiwe ephuzwini lesi-3 kanye nendawo ye-reflux futhi uwabeke ukuze acaciselwe isikhathi esithile. .
(2) Thatha amashubhu ombala ama-3. Engeza amanzi ahlanjululwe ku-tube yokuqala ye-colorimetric bese uyifaka esikalini; engeza u-3mL we-No. 3 spotting supernatant kushubhu lesibili lombala, bese wengeza amanzi acwecwe esikalini; engeza u-5mL we-reflux spotting supernatant kushubhu lesithathu le-colorimetric , bese wengeza amanzi acwecwe kumaki. .
(3) Thatha izitsha ezi-3 ezihwamukayo bese uthela uketshezi kumashubhu we-colorimetric ezitsheni ezihwamukayo. .
(4) Engeza i-0.1 mol/L i-sodium hydroxide ezitsheni ezintathu ezihwamukayo ngokulandelana kwazo ukuze ulungise i-pH iye ku-8. (Sebenzisa iphepha lokuhlola elinembayo i-pH, ububanzi buphakathi kuka-5.5-9.0. Ngayinye idinga cishe amaconsi angu-20 e-sodium hydroxide)
(5) Vula indawo yokugeza amanzi, ubeke isitsha esihwamukayo endaweni yokugeza amanzi, bese usetha izinga lokushisa libe ngu-90°C kuze kube yilapho lihwamuka libe kome. (kuthatha cishe amahora ama-2)
(6) Ngemva kokuhwamuka kuze kome, susa isitsha esihwamukayo futhi usipholise. .
(7) Ngemva kokupholisa, engeza i-1 mL ye-phenol disulfonic acid ezitsheni ezintathu ezihwamukayo ngokulandelana, gaya ngenduku yengilazi ukuze wenze i-reagent ixhumane ngokugcwele nensalela esitsheni esihwamukayo, yiyeke ime isikhashana, bese ugaya futhi. Ngemuva kokuyishiya imizuzu eyi-10, Engeza cishe u-10 mL wamanzi acwecwe ngokulandelana. .
(8) Engeza amanzi e-ammonia angu-3–4mL ezitsheni ezihwamukayo ngenkathi ugqugquzela, bese uwahambisa kumashubhu embala ahambisanayo. Engeza amanzi distilled kumaki ngokulandelana. .
(9) Shake ngokulinganayo futhi ulinganise nge-spectrophotometer, usebenzisa i-cuvette engu-10mm (ingilazi evamile, entsha kancane) enobude begagasi obungu-410nm. Futhi gcina ukubala. .
(10) Imiphumela yokubala. .
8. Ukunqunywa kwe-oxygen encibilikile (DO)
I-oxygen yamangqamuzana encibilika emanzini ibizwa ngokuthi umoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe. Okuqukethwe komoyampilo okuncibilikisiwe emanzini emvelo kuncike ekulinganiseni komoyampilo emanzini nasemoyeni. .
Ngokuvamile, indlela ye-iodine isetshenziselwa ukukala umoya-mpilo oncibilikile.
1. Isimiso sendlela
I-Manganese sulfate ne-alkaline potassium iodide yengezwa kusampula yamanzi. I-oxygen encibilikisiwe emanzini yenza i-manganese ene-valent ephansi ibe yi-high-valent manganese, ikhiqize imvula ensundu ye-tetravalent manganese hydroxide. Ngemva kokwengeza i-asidi, i-hydroxide precipitate iyancibilika futhi ihlangane nama-ion iodide ukuyikhulula. Iodine yamahhala. Kusetshenziswa isitashi njengenkomba kanye nokulinganisa i-iodine ekhishwe nge-sodium thiosulfate, okuqukethwe komoyampilo oncibilikisiwe kungabalwa. .
2. Izinyathelo zokulinganisa
(1) Thatha isampula endaweni yesi-9 ebhodleleni elinomlomo obanzi futhi uliyeke lihlale imizuzu eyishumi. (Sicela uqaphele ukuthi usebenzisa ibhodlela elinomlomo obanzi futhi unake indlela yesampula)
(2) Faka indololwane yengilazi esampula yebhodlela lomlomo obanzi, sebenzisa indlela yesiphon ukumunca amandla angaphezu kwavamile ebhodleleni le-oxygen elincibilikile, qala ngokumunca kancane, hlambulula ibhodlela le-oxygen elincibilikile izikhathi ezingu-3, futhi ekugcineni uncelise i-supernatant uyigcwalise nge-oxygen encibilikile. ibhodlela. .
(3) Faka i-1mL ye-manganese sulfate kanye ne-2mL ye-alkaline potassium iodide ebhodleleni eligcwele le-oxygen elincibilikisiwe. (Naka izinyathelo zokuphepha lapho wengeza, engeza ukusuka maphakathi)
(4) Gcoba ibhodlela le-oxygen elincibilikile, ulinyakazise phezulu naphansi, ulithintithe futhi njalo ngemva kwemizuzu embalwa, ulinyakazise kathathu. .
(5) Engeza u-2mL we-sulfuric acid egxilile ebhodleleni le-oksijini elincibilikile bese unyakazisa kahle. Yiyeke ihlale endaweni emnyama imizuzu emihlanu. .
(6) Thela i-sodium thiosulfate ku-alkaline buret (eneshubhu yenjoloba kanye nobuhlalu bengilazi. Naka umehluko phakathi kwe-asidi ne-alkaline burette) emgqeni wesikali futhi ulungiselele ukulinganisa. .
(7) Ngemva kokuliyeka lime imizuzu emi-5, khipha ibhodlela le-oxygen elincibilikisiwe elibekwe ebumnyameni, uthele uketshezi ebhodleleni le-oxygen elincibilikile kusilinda sokulinganisa sepulasitiki esingu-100mL, bese silihlanza kathathu. Ekugcineni uthele kumaki angu-100mL wesilinda sokulinganisa. .
(8) Thela uketshezi kusilinda sokulinganisa eflaskini ye-Erlenmeyer. .
(9) Titrate nge-sodium thiosulfate kuflask ye-Erlenmeyer ize ingabi nambala, bese wengeza i-dropper yesikhombisi sesitashi, bese u-titrate nge-sodium thiosulfate kuze kube yilapho iphela, bese urekhoda okufundwayo. .
(10) Imiphumela yokubala. .
I-oxygen encibilikile (mg/L)=M*V*8*1000/100
I-M ingxube yesisombululo se-sodium thiosulfate (mol/L)
I-V ingumthamo wesisombululo se-sodium thiosulfate esidliwe ngesikhathi se-titration (mL)
9. Ingqikithi ye-alkalinity
1. Izinyathelo zokulinganisa
(1) Shaya isampula lamanzi angenisayo abuyisiwe kanye nesampula lamanzi okukhipha amanzi ngokulinganayo. .
(2) Hlunga isampula lamanzi angenayo (uma amanzi angenayo ehlanzekile uma kuqhathaniswa, akukho kuhlunga okudingekayo), sebenzisa isilinda esineziqu ezingu-100 ml ukuthatha u-100 mL wesihlungi usifake eflaskini ye-Erlenmeyer engu-500 mL. Sebenzisa isilinda esithweswe iziqu esingu-100mL ukuthatha u-100mL wesampula yamanzi anyakazayo uwafake kwelinye i-Erlenmeyer flask engu-500mL. .
(3) Engeza amaconsi angu-3 e-methyl red-methylene blue inkomba kumaflask amabili e-Erlenmeyer ngokulandelana, ashintsha abe luhlaza ngokukhanyayo. .
(4) Thela isisombululo esijwayelekile se-hydrogen ion engu-0.01mol/L ku-alkaline buret (eneshubhu yenjoloba nobuhlalu bengilazi, 50mL. I-alkaline burette esetshenziswa esilinganisweni somoya-mpilo esincibilikisiwe ngu-25mL, qaphela umehluko) kumaki. Intambo. .
(5) Lungisa isixazululo esijwayelekile se-hydrogen ion kumaflask amabili e-Erlenmeyer ukuze uveze umbala we-lavender, bese urekhoda ukufundwa kwevolumu esetshenzisiwe. (Khumbula ukufunda ngemva kokulinganisa eyodwa bese uyigcwalisa ukuze i-titrate enye. Isampula lamanzi angenayo lidinga amamililitha angamashumi amane, futhi isampula lamanzi aphuma kulo lidinga cishe amamililitha ayishumi)
(6) Imiphumela yokubala. Inani lesisombululo esijwayelekile se-hydrogen ion *5 yivolumu. .
10. Ukunqunywa kwesilinganiso sokumisa udaka (SV30)
1. Izinyathelo zokulinganisa
(1) Thatha isilinda sokulinganisa esingu-100mL. .
(2) Nyakazisa isampula elibuyisiwe endaweni yesi-9 yomsele we-oxidation ngokulinganayo bese uwuthela kusilinda sokulinganisa kuphawu olungaphezulu. .
(3) Imizuzu engama-30 ngemuva kokuqala isikhathi, funda ukufundwa kwesikali kusixhumi esibonakalayo bese usiqopha. .
11. Ukunqunywa kwenkomba yevolumu ye-sludge (SVI)
I-SVI ikalwa ngokuhlukanisa isilinganiso sokumisa udaka (SV30) nge-sludge concentration (MLSS). Kodwa qaphela mayelana nokuguqula amayunithi. Iyunithi ye-SVI ingu-mL/g. .
12. Ukunqunywa kokugxila kodaka (MLSS)
1. Izinyathelo zokulinganisa
(1) Nyakazisa isampula elibuyisiwe endaweni yesi-9 kanye nesampula endaweni ye-reflux ngokulinganayo. .
(2) Thatha u-100mL wesampula ngayinye endaweni yesi-9 kanye nesampula endaweni ye-reflux uyifake kusilinda sokulinganisa. (Isampula ephuzwini lesi-9 ingatholakala ngokulinganisa isilinganiso se-sludge sedimentation)
(3) Sebenzisa iphampu ye-rotary vane vacuum ukuze uhlunge isampula endaweni engu-9 kanye nesampula endaweni ye-reflux kusilinda sokulinganisa ngokulandelanayo. (Naka ukukhethwa kwephepha lokuhlunga. Iphepha lokuhlunga elisetshenziswayo yiphepha lokuhlunga elikalwe kusengaphambili. Uma i-MLVSS izokalwa ngesampula ephuzwini lesi-9 ngosuku olufanayo, kufanele kusetshenziselwe ukuhlunga iphepha lokuhlunga isampula. ephuzwini 9. Noma kunjalo, kufanele kusetshenziswe iphepha lokuhlunga elisezingeni eliphezulu ngaphezu kwalokho, naka iphepha lokuhlunga lekhwalithi kanye nomehluko wephepha.
(4) Khipha isampula lodaka lephepha elihlungiwe bese ulibeka kuhhavini wokomisa oqhuma ngogesi. Izinga lokushisa likahhavini wokomisa likhuphukela ku-105°C futhi liqala ukomisa amahora ama-2. .
5 .
(6) Ngemva kokupholisa, kala futhi ubale usebenzisa ibhalansi ye-elekthronikhi enembayo. .
(7) Imiphumela yokubala. I-sludge concentration (mg/L) = (ibhalansi yokufunda - isisindo sephepha lokuhlunga) * 10000
13. Ukunqunywa kwe-volatile organic substances (MLVSS)
1. Izinyathelo zokulinganisa
(1) Ngemva kokukala isampula yodaka lwephepha lesihlungi endaweni yesi-9 ngebhalansi ye-elekthronikhi enembayo, faka isampula yodaka lwephepha lesihlungi etsheni elincane le-porcelain. .
(2) Vula isithando somlilo sokumelana nohlobo lwebhokisi, lungisa izinga lokushisa libe ngu-620°C, bese ufaka isitsha sobumba esincane esithandweni somlilo sokumelana nohlobo lwebhokisi cishe amahora ama-2. .
(3) Ngemva kwamahora amabili, vala isithando somlilo sokumelana nohlobo lwebhokisi. Ngemva kokupholisa amahora angu-3, vula umnyango wesithando somlilo sokumelana nebhokisi kancane bese upholisa futhi cishe isigamu sehora ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi izinga lokushisa le-porcelain crucible alidluli ku-100 ° C. .
(4) Khipha isitsha sobumba bese usifaka esitshalweni sengilazi ukuze uphole futhi cishe isigamu sehora, ukale ngebhalansi enembile kagesi, bese urekhoda okufundwayo. .
(5) Imiphumela yokubala. .
Izinto eziphilayo eziguquguqukayo (mg/L) = (isisindo sesampula yodaka lwephepha lesihlungi + isisindo se-crucible encane - ukufunda ibhalansi) * 10000.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Mar-19-2024
