Ingqikithi ye-phosphorus iyinkomba yekhwalithi yamanzi ebalulekile, enomthelela omkhulu endaweni ezungezile yemvelo yamanzi nempilo yabantu. I-phosphorus ephelele ingenye yezakhi ezidingekayo ekukhuleni kwezitshalo nolwelwe, kodwa uma i-phosphorus isiyonke emanzini iphezulu kakhulu, izoholela eutrophication yomzimba wamanzi, isheshise ukukhiqizwa kwe-algae namagciwane, ibangele ukuqhakaza kwe-algal, futhi kuthinte kakhulu imvelo yemvelo emanzini. Futhi kwezinye izimo, njengamanzi okuphuza namanzi okubhukuda, amazinga aphezulu e-phosphorus angabangela ukulimala empilweni yabantu, ikakhulukazi ezinganeni nakwabesifazane abakhulelwe.
Imithombo ye-phosphorus isiyonke emanzini
(1) Ukungcola kwezolimo
Ukungcola kwezolimo kubangelwa ikakhulukazi ukusetshenziswa kakhulu komanyolo wamakhemikhali, futhi i-phosphorus kumanyolo wamakhemikhali igeleza emanzini ngamanzi emvula noma ngokunisela ngenkasa yezolimo. Imvamisa, u-10% -25% kuphela womanyolo ongasetshenziswa izitshalo, kanti u-75% -90% osele usala enhlabathini. Ngokwemiphumela yocwaningo lwangaphambilini, i-24% -71% ye-phosphorus emanzini ivela ekuvundiseni kwezolimo, ngakho-ke ukungcoliswa kwe-phosphorus emanzini kubangelwa ikakhulukazi ukufuduka kwe-phosphorus emhlabathini emanzini. Ngokwezibalo, izinga lokusetshenziswa komanyolo we-phosphate ngokuvamile liyi-10% -20% kuphela. Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile komanyolo we-phosphate akubangeli nje ukumoshwa kwezinsiza kuphela, kodwa futhi kubangela umanyolo we-phosphate owedlulele ukuthi ungcolise imithombo yamanzi ngokugeleza kwamanzi.
(2) indle yasendlini
Indle yasendlini ihlanganisa indle yezakhiwo zomphakathi, indle yezindlu zokuhlala, kanye nendle echithwa ezimbonini. Umthombo oyinhloko we-phosphorus emanzini asekhaya ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo yokuwasha ene-phosphorus, indle yabantu kanye nodoti wasekhaya. Imikhiqizo yokuwasha ikakhulukazi isebenzisa i-sodium phosphate ne-polysodium phosphate, kanti i-phosphorus esesihlanzini sigelezela emanzini nendle.
(3) Amanzi angcolile ezimbonini
Amanzi angcolile ezimbonini angenye yezinto eziyinhloko ezibangela i-phosphorus ngokweqile emanzini. Amanzi angcolile ezimbonini anezimpawu zokugcwala okuphezulu kokungcola, izinhlobo eziningi zokungcola, okunzima ukuwehlisa, kanye nezingxenye eziyinkimbinkimbi. Uma amanzi angcolile ezimbonini ekhishwa ngokuqondile ngaphandle kokwelashwa, kuzodala umthelela omkhulu emzimbeni wamanzi. Imiphumela emibi emvelweni kanye nempilo yabahlali.
Indlela Yokususa I-Phosphorus Indle
(1) I-Electrolysis
Ngomgomo we-electrolysis, izinto eziyingozi emanzini angcolile zithola ukusabela kokunciphisa kanye nokusabela kwe-oxidation ezigxotsheni ezingezinhle nezihle ngokulandelana kwazo, futhi izinto eziyingozi ziguqulwa zibe izinto ezingenabungozi ukuze kufezwe injongo yokuhlanza amanzi. Inqubo ye-electrolysis inezinzuzo zokusebenza kahle okuphezulu, okokusebenza okulula, ukusebenza okulula, ukusebenza kahle kokususa okuphezulu, kanye nokwenza izimboni zemishini; ayidingi ukwengeza ama-coagulants, ama-agent okuhlanza namanye amakhemikhali, igwema umthelela endaweni yemvelo, futhi inciphisa izindleko ngesikhathi esifanayo. Inani elincane le-sludge lizokhiqizwa. Kodwa-ke, indlela ye-electrolysis idinga ukudla amandla kagesi nezinto zensimbi, izindleko zokusebenza ziphezulu, ukugcinwa nokuphatha kuyinkimbinkimbi, futhi inkinga yokusetshenziswa okuphelele kwenhlabathi idinga ucwaningo olwengeziwe nesixazululo.
(2) Electrodialysis
Endleleni ye-electrodialysis, ngesenzo senkundla kagesi yangaphandle, ama-anion nama-cations esixazululweni samanzi athuthela ku-anode kanye ne-cathode ngokulandelana, ukuze ukugxila kwe-ion phakathi kwe-electrode kunciphe kakhulu, kanye nokugxila kwe-ion. eduze electrode kwanda. Uma i-membrane yokushintshanisa i-ion yengezwa phakathi kwe-electrode, ukuhlukaniswa nokugxila kungafinyelelwa. umgomo we. Umehluko phakathi kwe-electrodialysis kanye ne-electrolysis ukuthi nakuba i-voltage ye-electrodialysis iphezulu, yamanje ayinkulu, engakwazi ukugcina ukusabela kwe-redox okuqhubekayo okudingekayo, kuyilapho i-electrolysis ihluke kakhulu. Ubuchwepheshe be-Electrodialysis bunobuhle bokungabi nasidingo sanoma yimaphi amakhemikhali, imishini elula nenqubo yokuhlanganisa, nokusebenza okulula. Kodwa-ke, kuphinde kube nobubi obuthile obukhawulela ukusetshenziswa kwayo okubanzi, okufana nokusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphezulu, izidingo eziphezulu zokwelashwa kwamanzi aluhlaza, kanye nokungaqini kahle kokwelashwa.
(3) Indlela ye-Adsorption
Indlela ye-adsorption yindlela lapho ukungcola okuthile emanzini kukhangiswa futhi kulungiswe ngama-porous solids (ama-adsorbents) ukuze kukhishwe ukungcola emanzini. Ngokuvamile, indlela ye-adsorption ihlukaniswe ngezinyathelo ezintathu. Okokuqala, i-adsorbent ixhumene ngokugcwele namanzi angcolile ukuze ukungcola kukhangiswe; okwesibili, ukuhlukaniswa kwe-adsorbent namanzi angcolile; okwesithathu, ukuvuselelwa noma ukuvuselelwa kwe-adsorbent. Ngaphezu kwekhabhoni ecushiwe esetshenziswa kabanzi njenge-adsorbent, i-synthetic macroporous adsorption resin nayo isetshenziswa kabanzi ekukhangisweni kokwelashwa kwamanzi. Indlela ye-adsorption inezinzuzo zokusebenza okulula, umphumela omuhle wokwelapha kanye nokwelashwa okusheshayo. Kodwa-ke, izindleko ziphezulu, futhi umphumela wokugcwala kwe-adsorption uzokwehla. Uma kusetshenziswa i-resin adsorption, ukuhlaziya kuyadingeka ngemuva kokugcwala kwe-adsorption, futhi uhlaziyo lwe-waste liquid kunzima ukubhekana nalo.
(4) Indlela yokushintshanisa ion
Indlela yokushintshanisa i-ion ingaphansi kwesenzo sokushintshaniswa kwe-ion, ama-ion emanzini ashintshaniswa nge-phosphorus endabeni eqinile, futhi i-phosphorus isuswa nge-anion exchange resin, engasusa ngokushesha i-phosphorus futhi ibe nokusebenza kahle kokukhipha i-phosphorus. Kodwa-ke, i-resin yokushintshanisa inebubi bobuthi obulula kanye nokuvuselela okunzima.
(5) Indlela ye-Crystallization
Ukususwa kwe-phosphorus nge-crystallization ukwengeza into efana nobuso kanye nesakhiwo se-phosphate engancibiliki emanzini angcolile, kucekele phansi isimo se-ion esine-metastable emanzini angcolile, futhi kubangele amakristalu e-phosphate ebusweni be-agent ye-crystallization njenge-nucleus ye-crystal, bese-ke. hlukanisa futhi ususe i-phosphorus. Izinto zamaminerali eziqukethe i-calcium zingasetshenziswa njengama-crystallization agents, njenge-phosphate rock, i-bone char, i-slag, njll, phakathi kwayo i-phosphate rock ne-bone char isebenza kakhulu. Ilondoloza indawo yaphansi futhi kulula ukuyilawula, kodwa inezidingo eziphezulu ze-pH kanye ne-calcium ion concentration ethile.
(6) Amaxhaphozi okwenziwa
Ukususwa kwe-phosphorus ye-wetland eyakhiwe kuhlanganisa izinzuzo zokususwa kwe-phosphorus yebhayoloji, ukukhishwa kwamakhemikhali kwe-phosphorus, nokususwa kwe-adsorption phosphorus. Yehlisa okuqukethwe kwe-phosphorus ngokumuncwa kwebhayoloji kanye nokufana, kanye ne-substrate adsorption. Ukususwa kwe-phosphorus ngokuyinhloko kwenziwa nge-substrate adsorption ye-phosphorus.
Kafushane, izindlela ezingenhla zingasusa i-phosphorus emanzini angcolile kalula futhi ngokushesha, kodwa zonke zinezinkinga ezithile. Uma enye yezindlela isetshenziswa iyodwa, isicelo sangempela singase sibhekane nezinkinga eziningi. Izindlela ezingenhla zifaneleka kakhulu ukwelashwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi noma ukwelashwa okuthuthukisiwe kokususwa kwe-phosphorus, futhi kuhlanganiswe nokususwa kwe-phosphorus yezinto eziphilayo kungase kuzuze imiphumela engcono.
Indlela Yokunqunywa Kwengqikithi Ye-Phosphorus
1. I-Molybdenum-antimony anti-spectrophotometry: Umgomo wokuhlaziya nokunqunywa kwe-molybdenum-antimony anti-spectrophotometry uthi: ngaphansi kwezimo ezine-asidi, i-phosphorus emanzini amasampula angasabela nge-molybdenum acid kanye ne-antimoni potassium tartrate ngendlela yama-ion ukuze yakhe i-asidi molybdenum. izakhiwo. I-Polyacid, futhi le nto ingancishiswa yi-ejenti yokunciphisa i-ascorbic acid ukuze yakhe inkimbinkimbi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, esiyibiza ngokuthi i-molybdenum eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Uma usebenzisa le ndlela ukuhlaziya amasampula amanzi, izindlela ezahlukene zokugaya kufanele zisetshenziswe ngokwezinga lokungcoliswa kwamanzi. Ukugaya kwe-potassium persulfate ngokuvamile kuhloswe kumasampula amanzi anezinga eliphansi lokungcola, futhi uma isampula lamanzi lingcoliswe kakhulu, ngokuvamile lizovela ngesimo somoya-mpilo ophansi, usawoti wensimbi ephezulu kanye nezinto eziphilayo. Ngalesi sikhathi, sidinga ukusebenzisa i-oxidizing Stronger reagent digestion. Ngemuva kokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo nokuphelela, ukusebenzisa le ndlela ukucacisa okuqukethwe kwe-phosphorus kumasampula amanzi akukwazi nje ukufinyeza isikhathi sokuqapha, kodwa futhi kube nokunemba okuphezulu, ukuzwela okuhle kanye nomkhawulo wokutholwa ophansi. Kusukela ekuqhathaniseni okuphelele, lena indlela engcono kakhulu yokuthola.
2. Indlela yokunciphisa i-ferrous chloride: Xuba isampula lamanzi ne-sulfuric acid bese uwashisisa ukuze abile, bese wengeza i-ferrous chloride ne-sulfuric acid ukuze wehlise ingqikithi ye-phosphorus ku-ion ye-phosphate. Bese usebenzisa i-ammonium molybdate ngokusabela kombala, futhi usebenzise i-colorimetry noma i-spectrophotometry ukuze ulinganise ukumunca ukuze ubale ingqikithi yokugxiliswa kwe-phosphorus.
3. I-High-temperature digestion-spectrophotometry: Gaya isampula lamanzi ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu ukuze uguqule ingqikithi ye-phosphorus ibe ama-ion e-phosphorus e-inorganic. Bese usebenzisa isisombululo se-acidic potassium dichromate ukunciphisa i-phosphate ion ne-potassium dichromate ngaphansi kwezimo ezine-acidic ukukhiqiza i-Cr(III) ne-phosphate. Inani lokumuncwa le-Cr(III) lalinganiswa, futhi okuqukethwe kwe-phosphorus kubalwa ngejika elijwayelekile.
4. Indlela ye-athomu ye-fluorescence: isamba se-phosphorus esesampuleni samanzi siqale siguqulwe sibe yi-inorganic phosphorus ifomu, bese sihlaziywa nge-atomic fluorescence analyzer ukuze kutholwe okuqukethwe kwayo.
5. I-chromatography yegesi: Ingqikithi ye-phosphorus kusampula yamanzi ihlukaniswa futhi itholwe nge-chromatography yegesi. Isampula lamanzi laphathwa kuqala ukuze kukhishwe ama-ion e-phosphate, kwase kuthi ingxube ye-acetonitrile-water (9:1) yasetshenziswa njengesinyibilikitho sokuphuma kokuphuma kwekholomu yangaphambili, futhi ekugcineni inani eliphelele le-phosphorus lanqunywa i-gas chromatography.
6. I-Isothermal turbidimetry: guqula ingqikithi ye-phosphorus kusampula yamanzi ibe ama-ion e-phosphate, bese wengeza i-buffer ne-Molybdovanadophosphoric Acid (MVPA) reagent ukuze isabele ukwenza inkimbi ephuzi, ulinganise inani lokumunca nge-colorimeter, bese Ijika lokulinganiswa lisetshenzisiwe. ukubala inani eliphelele le-phosphorus.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jul-06-2023
