Uguquko emanzini angaphezulu

Iyini imfucumfucu?
I-turbidity isho izinga lokuvinjwa kwesisombululo ekudluleni kokukhanya, okuhlanganisa ukuhlakazeka kokukhanya ngento emisiwe kanye nokumuncwa kokukhanya ngama-molecule asolute.
I-turbidity ipharamitha echaza inani lezinhlayiya ezimisiwe oketshezini. Ihlobene nezici ezifana nokuqukethwe, usayizi, umumo, kanye nenkomba ye-refractive yezinto ezimisiwe emanzini. Ekuhlolweni kwezinga lamanzi, imfucumfucu iyinkomba ebalulekile, engabonisa ukuhlangana kwezinto eziqinile ezimisiwe emanzini futhi kungenye yesisekelo sokuhlolwa kwezinzwa kwabantu kwekhwalithi yamanzi. Imfucumfucu ivamise ukukalwa ngokulinganisa inani lokukhanya elihlakazwe yizinhlayiyana emanzini lapho ukukhanya kudlula isampula yamanzi. Lezi zinhlayiya ngokuvamile zincane, ezinosayizi ngokuvamile ngokulandelana kwama-microns nangaphansi. I-turbidity eboniswa amathuluzi esimanje ngokuvamile ihlakaza ukuthuthumela, futhi iyunithi yi-NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Units). Ukulinganisa kwe-turbidity kubaluleke kakhulu ekuhloleni izinga lamanzi okuphuza, ngoba akuhlobene kuphela nokucaca kwamanzi, kodwa futhi kukhombisa ngokungaqondile izinga lokuhlushwa lama-microorganisms emanzini, okuthinta umphumela wokubulala amagciwane.
I-turbidity isilinganiso esihlobene esinqunywa ukuthi kungakanani ukukhanya okungadlula kusampula yamanzi. Uma i-turbidity iphezulu, ukukhanya okuncane kuzodlula kusampula futhi amanzi azovela "amafu". Amazinga aphakeme e-turbidity abangelwa izinhlayiya eziqinile ezilenga emanzini, ezisakaza ukukhanya esikhundleni sokukudlulisa emanzini. Izakhiwo ezibonakalayo zezinhlayiya ezimisiwe zingase zithinte i-turbidity isiyonke. Izinhlayiya ezinosayizi omkhulu zisakaza ukukhanya futhi zikugxilise phambili, ngaleyo ndlela zandise ukuguguleka ngokuphazamisa ukudluliswa kokukhanya emanzini. Usayizi wezinhlayiya nawo uthinta ikhwalithi yokukhanya; izinhlayiya ezinkulu zisakaza amaza amade okukhanya kalula kunamaza amafushane, kuyilapho izinhlayiya ezincane zinomthelela omkhulu wokuhlakazeka kumaza amafushane. Ukugxila kwezinhlayiyana ezikhulisiwe kunciphisa nokudluliswa kokukhanya njengoba ukukhanya kuhlangana nenani elengeziwe lezinhlayiyana futhi kuhamba amabanga amafushane phakathi kwezinhlayiya, okuholela ekuhlakazekeni okuningi ngezinhlayiyana ngayinye.

Umgomo wokutholwa
I-Turbidity 90-degree scattering method iyindlela evame ukusetshenziswa ukukala ukushuba kwezixazululo. Le ndlela isuselwe kwinto ehlakazekayo echazwe zibalo zika-Lorentz-Boltzmann. Le ndlela isebenzisa i-photometer noma i-photometer ukuze ilinganise ukushuba kokukhanya okudlula kusampula ngaphansi kokuhlolwa kanye namandla okukhanya okuhlakazwe isampula ekuqondeni kokuhlakazeka kwe-90-degree, futhi ibala ukushuba kwesampula ngokusekelwe kumanani alinganisiwe. Ithiyori yokuhlakaza esetshenziswe kule ndlela ithi: The Beer-Lambert Law. Le theory ibeka ukuthi ngaphansi kwesenzo segagasi lendiza elikhipha imisebe ngokulinganayo, impendulo ye-electro-optical ngaphakathi kobude beyunithi iyehla ngomsebenzi ocacile wobude bendlela yokubona, okuwumthetho wakudala we-Beer-Lambert. Ngamanye amazwi, imisebe yokukhanya eshaya izinhlayiya ezimiswe kusixazululo ihlakazeka izikhathi eziningi, eminye imisebe ihlakazeke kuma-engeli angama-90-degree. Uma usebenzisa le ndlela, ithuluzi lizokala isilinganiso sokuqina kokukhanya okuhlakazwe yilezi zinhlayiya nge-engeli engu-90 degree kuya kubukhulu bokukhanya okudlula kusampula ngaphandle kokuhlakazeka. Njengoba ukuhlushwa kwezinhlayiya ze-turbidity kwanda, amandla okukhanya okuhlakazekile nawo azokhula, futhi isilinganiso sizoba sikhulu, ngakho-ke, ubukhulu besilinganiso bulingana nenani lezinhlayiya ekumisweni.
Eqinisweni, lapho kulinganiswa, umthombo wokukhanya wethulwa ngokuma kusampula futhi isampula libekwe endaweni ene-engeli yokuhlakaza engu-90°. Inani le-turbidity lesampula lingatholwa ngokulinganisa ukukhanya kokukhanya kukalwa ngokuqondile ngaphandle kokudlula kusampula kanye nokuqina kokukhanya okuhlakazekile okungu-90° okukhiqizwa kusampula nge-photometer, futhi kuhlanganiswe nendlela yokubala ye-colorimetric.
Le ndlela inokunemba okuphezulu futhi isetshenziswa kakhulu ekulinganisweni kwe-turbidity emanzini, emanzini angcolile, ekudleni, emithini nasezindaweni zemvelo.

Iyini imbangela enkulu yodaka emanzini angaphezulu?
Imfucumfucu emanzini angaphezulu ibangelwa ngokuyinhloko yizinto ezimisiwe emanzini. 12
Lezi zinto ezimisiwe zihlanganisa udaka, ubumba, i-organic matter, i-inorganic matter, izinto ezintantayo kanye nama-microorganisms, njll., okuzovimbela ukukhanya ekungeneni emanzini, ngaleyo ndlela kwenze umzimba wamanzi ube ne-turbid. Lezi zinhlayiya zingase zivele ezinqubweni zemvelo, ezifana neziphepho, ukukhucululwa kwamanzi, ukuvunguza komoya, njll., noma emisebenzini yabantu, efana nezolimo, izimboni, kanye nesisi esikhishwa ngamadolobha. Isilinganiso se-turbidity ngokuvamile siyingxenye ethile kokuqukethwe okuqinile okumisiwe emanzini. Ngokukala ukushuba kokukhanya okuhlakazekile, ukuhlangana kwezinto eziqinile ezimisiwe emanzini kungaqondwa cishe.
Ukulinganisa i-turbidity
Imitha ye-Lianhua turbidity LH-P305 isebenzisa indlela yokukhanya okuhlakazekile engu-90°, nebanga lokulinganisa lika-0-2000NTU. Amaza amaza akabili angashintshwa ngokuzenzakalela ukuze kugwenywe ukuphazamiseka kwe-chromaticity yamanzi. Isilinganiso silula futhi imiphumela inembile. Indlela yokukala i-turbidity
1. Vula imitha ye-turbidity ephathwayo LH-P305 ukuze ushise kuqala, iyunithi iyi-NTU.
2. Thatha 2 amashubhu colorimetric ahlanzekile.
3. Thatha u-10ml wamanzi acwecwe bese uwafaka ku-No. 1 colorimetric tube.
4. Thatha u-10ml wesampula uwufake eshubhu le-colorimetric No. 2. Sula udonga lwangaphandle luhlanzeke.
5. Vula ithangi le-colorimetric, faka ishubhu ye-colorimetric engunombolo 1, cindezela ukhiye ongu-0, futhi isikrini sizobonisa u-0 NTU.
6. Khipha ishubhu ye-colorimetric engunombolo 1, faka ithubhu ye-colorimetric engunombolo 2, cindezela inkinobho yokulinganisa, futhi isikrini sizobonisa umphumela.
Isicelo nesifinyezo
Imfucumfucu iyisilinganiso esibalulekile sekhwalithi yamanzi ngoba iyinkomba ebonakalayo kakhulu yokuthi umthombo wamanzi “uhlanzeke” kangakanani. I-turbidity ephezulu ingase ibonise ukuba khona kokungcola kwamanzi okuyingozi empilweni yomuntu, yezilwane kanye nezitshalo, okuhlanganisa amagciwane, i-protozoa, izakhi (njenge-nitrate ne-phosphorus), izibulala-zinambuzane, i-mercury, i-lead nezinye izinsimbi. Ukwenyuka kwemfucumfucu emanzini angaphezulu kwenza amanzi angafaneleki ukusetshenziswa abantu futhi kungase futhi kunikeze amagciwane atholakala emanzini njengama-microorganisms abangela izifo endaweni emanzini. Imfucumfucu ephezulu ingase ibangwe amanzi angcolile aphuma ezindleleni zendle, ukugeleza kwamanzi emadolobheni, nokuguguleka kwenhlabathi ngenxa yentuthuko. Ngakho-ke, ukulinganisa kwe-turbidity kufanele kusetshenziswe kabanzi, ikakhulukazi ensimini. Amathuluzi alula angasiza ukugadwa kwezimo zamanzi ngamayunithi ahlukahlukene futhi avikele ngokuhlanganyela ukuthuthukiswa kwesikhathi eside kwemithombo yamanzi.