Okulandelayo yisingeniso sezindlela zokuhlola:
1. Ubuchwepheshe bokuqapha ukungcola okungaphili
Uphenyo lokungcoliswa kwamanzi luqala ngo-Hg, Cd, cyanide, phenol, Cr6+, njll., futhi eziningi zazo zikalwa nge-spectrophotometry.Njengoba umsebenzi wokuvikela imvelo ujula futhi nezinsizakalo zokuqapha ziqhubeka nokukhula, ukuzwela nokunemba kwezindlela zokuhlaziya i-spectrophotometric akukwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zokuphathwa kwemvelo.Ngakho-ke, amathuluzi ahlukahlukene okuhlaziya athuthukile futhi azwela kakhulu athuthukiswe ngokushesha.
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1.Ukumuncwa kwe-athomu kanye nezindlela ze-atomic fluorescence
Ukumuncwa kwe-athomu yelangabi, ukumuncwa kwe-athomu ye-hydride, nokumuncwa kwe-athomu ye-graphite yesithando somlilo kuye kwathuthukiswa ngokulandelana, futhi kunganquma izinto eziningi zensimbi zokulandelela kanye ne-ultra-trace emanzini.
Ithuluzi le-atomic fluorescence elakhiwe ezweni lami lingakala ngesikhathi esisodwa izinhlanganisela zezinto eziyisishiyagalombili, njenge-As, Sb, Bi, Ge, Sn, Se, Te, ne-Pb, emanzini.Ukuhlaziywa kwalezi zakhi ezithambekele kwi-hydride kunokuzwela okuphezulu nokunemba ngokuphazanyiswa kwe-matrix ephansi.
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2. I-Plasma emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES)
I-Plasma emission spectrometry ithuthuke ngokushesha eminyakeni yamuva futhi isetshenziselwe ukunquma ngesikhathi esisodwa izingxenye ze-matrix emanzini ahlanzekile, izinsimbi nama-substrates emanzini angcolile, kanye nezakhi eziningi kumasampula ezinto eziphilayo.Ukuzwela nokunemba kwayo kucishe kulingane nalokho kwendlela yokumunca i-athomu yelangabi, futhi isebenza kahle kakhulu.Umjovo owodwa ungakala izakhi eziyi-10 kuye kwezingama-30 ngesikhathi esisodwa.
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3. I-Plasma emission spectrometry mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)
Indlela ye-ICP-MS iyindlela yokuhlaziya i-mass spectrometry isebenzisa i-ICP njengomthombo we-ionization.Ukuzwela kwayo kungama-oda angu-2 ukuya kwangu-3 obukhulu obuphakeme kunendlela ye-ICP-AES.Ikakhulukazi uma ukala ama-elementi ngenombolo yesisindo engaphezu kuka-100, ukuzwela kwayo kuphezulu kunomkhawulo wokutholwa.Phansi.I-Japan ifake kuhlu indlela ye-ICP-MS njengendlela yokuhlaziya evamile yokunqunywa kwe-Cr6+, Cu, Pb, ne-Cd emanzini..
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4. I-chromatography ye-ion
I-Ion chromatography ubuchwepheshe obusha bokuhlukanisa nokulinganisa ama-anion avamile nama-cations emanzini.Indlela inokukhetha okuhle nokuzwela.Izingxenye eziningi zingalinganiswa ngesikhathi esisodwa ngokukhethwa okukodwa.Umtshina we-conductivity kanye nekholomu yokuhlukanisa i-anion ingasetshenziswa ukucacisa i-F-, Cl-, Br-, SO32-, SO42-, H2PO4-, NO3-;ikholomu yokuhlukanisa indawo ingasetshenziswa ukunquma i-NH4+, K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, njll., kusetshenziswa i-electrochemistry Umtshina ungakala i-I-, S2-, CN- kanye nezinhlanganisela ezithile ze-organic.
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5. I-Spectrophotometry kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuhlaziya umjovo wokugeleza
Ukucwaninga kokunye ukusabela kwe-chromogenic okuzwela kakhulu futhi okukhetha kakhulu kokunqunywa kwe-spectrophotometric kwama-ion ensimbi nama-ion angewona awensimbi kusadonsa ukunaka.I-Spectrophotometry ithatha ingxenye enkulu ekuqapheni okujwayelekile.Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ukuhlanganisa lezi zindlela nobuchwepheshe bomjovo wokugeleza kungahlanganisa imisebenzi eminingi yamakhemikhali efana ne-distillation, i-extraction, ukwengeza ama-reagents ahlukahlukene, ukuthuthukiswa kombala wevolumu njalo kanye nokulinganisa.Iwubuchwepheshe bokuhlaziya ilabhorethri futhi busetshenziswa kabanzi kumalabhorethri.Isetshenziswa kabanzi ezinhlelweni zokuqapha ezizenzakalelayo ze-inthanethi zekhwalithi yamanzi.Inezinzuzo zokuthatha amasampula amancane, ukunemba okuphezulu, isivinini sokuhlaziya okusheshayo, nama-reagents okonga, njll., okungakhulula opharetha emsebenzini oyisicefe, njengokulinganisa NO3-, NO2-, NH4+, F-, CrO42-, Ca2+, njll. ngekhwalithi yamanzi.Ubuchwepheshe bomjovo wokugeleza buyatholakala.Umtshina awukwazi ukusebenzisa i-spectrophotometry kuphela, kodwa futhi ukumuncwa kwe-athomu, ama-electrode akhethiwe ion, njll.
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6. I-Valence kanye nokuhlaziywa kwefomu
Izinto ezingcolisayo zikhona ngezindlela ezihlukene endaweni yasemanzini, futhi ubuthi bazo ezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini nakubantu nazo zihluke kakhulu.Isibonelo, i-Cr6+ inobuthi kakhulu kune-Cr3+, i-As3+ inobuthi kakhulu kune-As5+, futhi i-HgCl2 inobuthi obuningi kune-HgS.Amazinga ekhwalithi yamanzi nokuqapha acacisa ukunqunywa kwengqikithi ye-mercury ne-alkyl mercury, i-chromium ene-hexavalent ne-chromium isiyonke, i-Fe3+ ne-Fe2+, NH4+-N, NO2–N ne-NO3–N.Amanye amaphrojekthi aphinde asho isimo sokuhlunga.kanye nesilinganiso senani eliphelele, njll. Ocwaningweni lwezemvelo, ukuze uqonde indlela yokungcola kanye nemithetho yokufuduka kanye nenguquko, akudingekile kuphela ukufunda nokuhlaziya isimo se-valence adsorption kanye nesimo esiyinkimbinkimbi sezinto ezingaphili, kodwa futhi nokufunda nge-oxidation yazo. kanye nokuncipha kwendawo ezungezile (njenge-nitrosation yezinhlanganisela eziqukethe i-nitrogen)., i-nitrification noma i-denitrification, njll.) kanye ne-biological methylation nezinye izinkinga.Izinsimbi ezisindayo ezikhona ngesimo se-organic, njenge-alkyl lead, i-alkyl tin, njll., okwamanje zithola ukunakwa okukhulu kososayensi bezemvelo.Ikakhulukazi, ngemva kokuba i-triphenyl tin, i-tributyl tin, njll. ifakwe ohlwini njengeziphazamisi ze-endocrine, ukuqapha kwezinsimbi ezisindayo eziphilayo Ubuchwepheshe bokuhlaziya buthuthuka ngokushesha.
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2. Ubuchwepheshe bokuqapha ukungcola kwezinto eziphilayo
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1. Ukuqapha izinto eziphilayo ezisebenzisa umoya-mpilo
Kunezinkomba eziningi ezibanzi ezibonisa ukungcoliswa kwemizimba yamanzi ngezinto eziphilayo ezisebenzisa umoya-mpilo, njengenkomba ye-permanganate, i-CODCr, i-BOD5 (ehlanganisa nezinto ezinciphisa izinto ezingaphili njenge-sulfide, NH4+-N, NO2–N kanye ne-NO3–N), ingqikithi ye-organic matter carbon (TOC), ukusetshenziswa kwe-oxygen isiyonke (TOD).Lezi zinkomba zivame ukusetshenziselwa ukulawula imiphumela yokuhlanza amanzi angcolile kanye nokuhlola ikhwalithi yamanzi angaphezulu.Lezi zinkomba zinokuhlobana okuthile komunye nomunye, kodwa izincazelo zazo zomzimba zihlukile futhi kunzima ukushintshana.Ngenxa yokuthi ukwakheka kwezinto eziphilayo ezidla umoya-mpilo ziyahlukahluka ngekhwalithi yamanzi, lokhu kuhlobana akulungisiwe, kodwa kuyahluka kakhulu.Ubuchwepheshe bokuqapha kulezi zinkomba bukhulile, kodwa abantu basahlola ubuchwepheshe bokuhlaziya obungashesha, bube lula, bonge isikhathi, futhi bungabizi kakhulu.Isibonelo, imitha ye-COD esheshayo kanye ne-microbial sensor meter ye-BOD esheshayo isivele isetshenziswa.
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2. Ubuchwepheshe bokuqapha isigaba esingcolisayo
Ukuqapha ukungcola kwezinto eziphilayo kuqala kusukela ekuqaphelweni kwezigaba zokungcoliswa kwemvelo.Ngenxa yokuthi imishini ilula, kulula ukuyenza kuma-laboratories ajwayelekile.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma izinkinga ezinkulu zitholakala ekuqaphelweni kwesigaba, ukuhlonza okwengeziwe nokuhlaziywa kwezinhlobo ezithile zezinto eziphilayo zingenziwa.Isibonelo, lapho siqapha ama-halogenated hydrocarbon (AOX) adsorbable (AOX) futhi sithola ukuthi i-AOX yeqa izinga, singaqhubeka sisebenzise i-GC-ECD ukuze sihlaziye kabanzi ukuze sihlole ukuthi yiziphi izinhlanganisela ze-halogenated hydrocarbon ezingcolisayo, ukuthi zinobuthi obungakanani, ukuthi ukungcola kuvela kuphi, njll. Izinto zokuqapha isigaba sokungcoliswa kwemvelo zihlanganisa: i-volatile phenols, i-nitrobenzene, i-anilines, uwoyela wamaminerali, ama-hydrocarbon akhangekayo, njll. Izindlela zokuhlaziya ezijwayelekile ziyatholakala kulawa maphrojekthi.
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3. Ukuhlaziywa kokungcola kwezinto eziphilayo
Ukuhlaziywa kokungcoliswa kwemvelo kungahlukaniswa ngama-VOC, ukuhlaziya ama-S-VOC kanye nokuhlaziywa kwezinhlanganisela ezithile.Indlela ye-GC-MS yokuhlubula nokucupha isetshenziselwa ukukala inhlanganisela yezinto eziphilayo ezishintshashintshayo (VOCs), futhi ukukhishwa koketshezi oluwuketshezi noma ukukhishwa kwesigaba esiqinile se-GC-MS kusetshenziselwa ukukala izinhlanganisela eziphilayo ezishintshashintsha kancane (ama-S-VOC), okuthi ukuhlaziya okubanzi.Sebenzisa i-gas chromatography ukuze uhlukanise, sebenzisa umtshina we-ionization wamalangabi (FID), umtshina wokubamba ugesi (ECD), umtshina we-nitrogen phosphorus (NPD), umtshina we-photoionization (PID), njll.sebenzisa i-liquid phase Chromatography (HPLC), umtshina we-ultraviolet (UV) noma umtshina we-fluorescence (RF) ukuze unqume ama-polycyclic ama-hydrocarbons anuka kamnandi, ama-ketone, ama-acid ester, ama-phenol, njll.
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4. Ukuqapha okuzenzakalelayo kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuqapha ukungcola okuphelele
Amasistimu okuqapha ikhwalithi yamanzi emvelo ngokuvamile ayizinto ezivamile zokuqapha, njengezinga lokushisa lamanzi, umbala, ukugxilisa ingqondo, umoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe, i-pH, ukuhanjiswa, inkomba ye-permanganate, i-CODCr, isamba se-nitrogen, ingqikithi ye-phosphorus, i-ammonia nitrogen, njll. Izwe lethu lisungula amanzi azenzakalelayo izinhlelo zokuqapha ikhwalithi kwezinye izingxenye zekhwalithi yamanzi ezilawulwa kuzwelonke kanye nokushicilela imibiko yekhwalithi yamanzi yamasonto onke kwabezindaba, okubaluleke kakhulu ekukhuthazeni ukuvikelwa kwekhwalithi yamanzi.
Ngesikhathi “soHlelo Lweminyaka Eyisishiyagalolunye Lweminyaka Emihlanu” kanye “noHlelo Lweminyaka Eyishumi Yeminyaka Emihlanu”, izwe lami lizolawula futhi linciphise ukukhishwa okuphelele kwe-CODCr, uwoyela wamaminerali, i-cyanide, i-mercury, i-cadmium, i-arsenic, i-chromium (VI), kanye nomthofu, futhi kungase kudingeke ukuthi kuphase izinhlelo ezimbalwa zeminyaka emihlanu.Kuphela ngokwenza imizamo emikhulu yokunciphisa ukukhishwa okuphelele ngaphansi komthamo wendawo yamanzi lapho singakwazi ukuthuthukisa ngokuyisisekelo imvelo yamanzi futhi silethe esimweni esihle.Ngakho-ke, amabhizinisi amakhulu angcolisa indle kudingeka ukuthi asungule izindawo zokuthuthwa kwendle ezisezingeni kanye nemigudu yokukala indle, afake amamitha okugeleza kwendle kanye namathuluzi okuqapha aqhubekayo ku-inthanethi afana ne-CODCr, ammonia, uwoyela wamaminerali, kanye ne-pH ukuze kuzuzwe ukuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela ukugeleza kwendle kanye nokugeleza kwendle. ukugxila okungcolile.futhi uqinisekise inani eliphelele lezinto ezingcolisayo ezikhishiwe.
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5 Ukuqapha ngokushesha izimo eziphuthumayo zokungcoliswa kwamanzi
Izinkulungwane zezingozi zokungcola ezinkulu nezincane zenzeka minyaka yonke, ezingalimazi nje indawo ezungezile nemvelo, kodwa futhi ezisongela ukuphila kwabantu kanye nokuphepha kwempahla kanye nokuzinza komphakathi (njengoba kushiwo ngenhla).Izindlela zokuthola izimo eziphuthumayo zezingozi zokungcola zihlanganisa:
①Indlela yethuluzi elisheshayo eliphathekayo: njenge-oxygen encibilikile, imitha ye-pH, i-chromatograph yegesi ephathekayo, imitha ye-FTIR ephathekayo, njll.
② Ishubhu yokuthola ngokushesha kanye nendlela yephepha yokuhlonza: njengeshubhu lokuthola i-H2S (iphepha lokuhlola), ishubhu yokubona ngokushesha ye-CODCr, ishubhu yokutholwa kwensimbi esindayo, njll.
③Ukuhlaziywa kwesampula yesampula endaweni, njll.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jan-11-2024
