I-turbidity isho izinga lokuvinjwa kwesixazululo ekudluleni kokukhanya, okuhlanganisa ukuhlakazeka kokukhanya ngento emisiwe kanye nokumuncwa kokukhanya ngama-molecule asolute. I-turbidity yamanzi ayihlobene kuphela nokuqukethwe kwezinto ezimisiwe emanzini, kodwa futhi ihlobene nobukhulu bayo, ukuma kanye nenkomba ye-refractive. Iyunithi yi-NTU.
I-turbidity ngokuvamile ifaneleka ekunqumeni izinga lamanzi lamanzi emvelo, amanzi okuphuza kanye namanzi athile ezimbonini. Izinto eziqinile ezilengisiwe kanye nama-colloid njengenhlabathi, udaka, izinto eziphilayo ezinhle, izinto ezingaphili, kanye ne-plankton emanzini kungenza amanzi aguquguquke futhi alethe imfucumfucu ethile. Ngokusho kokuhlaziywa kwekhwalithi yamanzi, i-turbidity eyakhiwe yi-1 mg SiO2 emanzini ayi-1L iyunithi eyodwa ye-Standard turbidity, ebizwa ngokuthi yi-1 degree. Ngokuvamile, lapho i-turbidity iphezulu, isixazululo siyaguquguquka. Ukulawulwa kwemfucumfucu kuyingxenye ebalulekile yokuhlanza amanzi ezimbonini kanye nenkomba ebalulekile yekhwalithi yamanzi. Ngokusho kokusetshenziswa okuhlukene kwamanzi, kunezidingo ezihlukene zokuthuthumela. I-turbidity yamanzi okuphuza akufanele idlule i-1NTU; i-turbidity yamanzi engeziwe ukuze ajikeleze ukwelashwa kwamanzi okupholisa kuyadingeka ukuthi abe ngama-2 kuya ku-5 degrees; amanzi anethonya (amanzi aluhlaza) okwelashwa kwamanzi akhishwe usawoti ane-turbid Izinga le-turbidity kufanele libe ngaphansi kwama-degree angu-3; ukwakhiwa kwemicu eyenziwe umuntu kudinga ukuthi udaka lwamanzi lube ngaphansi kwamadigri angu-0.3. Njengoba izinhlayiya ezimisiwe kanye ne-colloidal ezakha i-turbidity ngokuvamile zizinzile futhi ngokuvamile zinecala elibi, ngeke zihlale ngaphandle kokwelashwa ngamakhemikhali. Ekwelashweni kwamanzi ezimbonini, izindlela zokuhlanganisa, ukucacisa kanye nokuhlunga zisetshenziselwa kakhulu ukunciphisa ukuthuthumela kwamanzi.
Isilinganiso se-turbidity
I-turbidity nayo ingakalwa nge-nephelometer. I-nephelometer ithumela ukukhanya ngengxenye yesampula futhi ikala ukuthi kungakanani ukukhanya okuhlakazwe yizinhlayiya emanzini nge-engeli engu-90° ekukhanyeni kwesigameko. Le ndlela yokulinganisa ukukhanya okuhlakazekile ibizwa ngokuthi indlela yokuhlakaza. Noma iyiphi i-turbidity yangempela kufanele ilinganiswe ngale ndlela. Imitha ye-turbidity ifanele kokubili izilinganiso zenkundla nezaselabhorethri, kanye nokuqapha okuqhubekayo ubusuku nemini.
Kunezindlela ezintathu zokuhlonza i-turbidity: I-Formazin Nephelometric Units (FNU) ku-ISO 7027, Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) ku-USEPA Method 180.1 kanye ne-Nephelometry ku-HJ1075-2019. I-ISO 7027 kanye ne-FNU asetshenziswa kakhulu eYurophu, kuyilapho i-NTU isetshenziswa kakhulu e-United States nakwamanye amazwe. I-ISO 7027 ihlinzeka ngezindlela zokunqunywa kwe-turbidity kwikhwalithi yamanzi. Isetshenziselwa ukunquma ukugxila kwezinhlayiya ezimisiwe kusampula yamanzi ngokulinganisa ukukhanya kwesigameko okuhlakazeke kuma-engeli angakwesokudla ukusuka kusampula. Ukukhanya okuhlakazekile kuthathwa yi-photodiode, ekhiqiza isignali kagesi, bese iguqulwa ibe yi-turbidity. I-HJ1075-2019 ihlanganisa izindlela ze-ISO7029 kanye ne-180.1, futhi yamukela isistimu yokuthola imishayo emibili. Uma kuqhathaniswa nesistimu yokuthola i-single-beam, isistimu ye-dual-beam ithuthukisa ukunemba kwe-turbidity ephezulu nephansi. Kutuswa ngokwezinga ukukhetha i-turbidimeter enokukhanya kwesigameko okungu-400-600 nm kumasampula angaphansi kuka-10 NTU, kanye ne-turbidimeter enokukhanya kwesigameko okungu-860 nm±30 nm kumasampuli anemibala. Ukuze lokhu, uLianhua yakhelweI-LH-NTU2M (V11). Ithuluzi eliguquliwe lamukela i-turbidimeter ehlakazekayo engu-90° ngokushintsha okuzenzakalelayo kokukhanya okumhlophe kanye nemigqa ephindwe kabili ye-infrared. Uma kutholwa amasampula angaphansi kwe-10NTU, kusetshenziswa umthombo wokukhanya we-400-600 nm. Lapho ithola ukuguquguquka okungaphezulu kwe-10NTU Ukusebenzisa umthombo wokukhanya we-860nm, ukuhlonza okuzenzakalelayo, ukushintsha kwe-wavelength okuzenzakalelayo, kuhlakaniphe kakhulu futhi kunembe.
1. I-EPA180.1 ikhishwe yi-US Environmental Protection Agency. Isebenzisa isibani se-tungsten njengomthombo wokukhanya futhi ifanele ukukala amasampula ane-turbidity ephansi njengamanzi ompompi namanzi okuphuza. Ayilungele izixazululo zesampula ezinemibala. Sebenzisa i-400-600nm wavelength.
2. I-ISO7027 iyindinganiso ekhishwe yi-International Organisation for Standardization. Umehluko kusukela ku-EPA180.1 ukuthi ama-nano-LED asetshenziswa njengomthombo wokukhanya, futhi izitholi eziningi zezithombe zingasetshenziswa ukuze kugwenywe amaphutha okulinganisa abangelwa ukuphazamiseka kwesampula yamanzi noma ukukhanya okulahlekile. Ubude begagasi 860±30nm.
3. I-HJ 1075-2019 ikhishwe uMnyango Wezemvelo Nemvelo wezwe lami, ohlanganisa izinga le-ISO7027 kanye ne-EPA 180.1. Nge-400-600nm kanye no-860± 30nm wavelength. Izinga eliphezulu neliphansi lemfucumfucu lingatholwa, amanzi okuphuza, amanzi omfula, amanzi okubhukuda, kanye namanzi angcolile angatholwa.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: May-23-2023
